---
title: "Illustrating Cohen's d with ``superb``"
bibliography: "../inst/REFERENCES.bib"
csl: "../inst/apa-6th.csl"
output: 
  html_document:
    toc: TRUE
description: >
  This vignette shows how to illustrate Cohen's d
  with superb.
vignette: >
  %\VignetteIndexEntry{Illustrating Cohen's d with superb}
  %\VignetteEngine{knitr::rmarkdown}
  \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
---


```{r, echo = FALSE, message = FALSE, results = 'hide'}
cat("this will be hidden; use for general initializations.\n")
library(superb)
library(ggplot2)
```

In this vignette, we show how the Cohen's $d_p$ can be 
illustrated. See @gc18; @cg20 for comprehensive reviews.

## What is the Cohen's $d_p$?

The Cohen's $d_p$, also known as the *standardized mean 
difference* (smd), is a standardized measure of effect size 
for pairwise conditions. It is standardized using the standard
deviation, so that it ressemble a *z* scores. Often, the sign
of the Cohen's $d_p$ is removed, but it could be positive or
negative; it is not bounded but usually, it is smaller than 1.

As an example, a Cohen's $d_p$ of 0.5 indicates that the two
group's means are separated by 0.5 standard deviations. If you
illustrate the two populations with normal, bell-shape, curves, 
then their mode would be visibly separated, indicating a sizeable
difference between the two populations. Cohen would call this a
medium effect (although in my opinion, this is already a large
effect; any non-trivially small samples would find this difference
significant). With a Cohen's $d_p$ of 0.25, it is harder to see
a difference between the two populations.

This descriptive statistic is computed from two groups (or two 
repeated measures) with

$$
d_p = \frac{\vert \; M_1 - M_2 \; \vert}{S_p}
$$

where $S_p$ is the *pooled standard deviation* across the two
group's standard deviations.

Illustrating this measure with a plot is difficult as it is a 
pairwise statistic. For example, if there is 5 groups, that 
represents 15 *pairs* of groups and consequently, 15
Cohen's $d_p$.

Here, we propose an alternative representation through an
indirect statistic, using $d_1$ [@gc18]. It is given by

$$
d_1 = \frac{\vert \; M_1 - B \; \vert}{S_1}
$$

where $S_1$ is the standard deviation in the group (here labeled "1").
The quantity $B$ is a baseline measure. It can be any value based
on prior knowledge of the measure (for example, if the measures 
are IQ, then $B$ would be set to 100). Alternatively, it can also 
be the **grand mean** across all the conditions. This is the solution
we adopt herein.

The statistic $d_1$ is a univariate measure, i.e., it is based on a
single group's data. Hence, in a plot, you could illustrate one $d_1$
per group.

Why is it interesting? The point is that the difference between two
$d_1$ is the Cohen's $d_p$! Likewise, the difference-adjusted confidence
interval of $d_1$ is the same as the confidence interval of a Cohen's
$d_p$. Hence, in a single plot, it is possible to derive all the
Cohen's $d_p$ and their significance.

## Plotting $d_1$ with its confidence interval

Let's define this statistic and its confidence interval estimator:

```{r}
library(sadists) # for computing confidence intervals of Cohen's d
library(superb)

d1 <- function(X) {
        # the global variable GM.d1 is obtained from the initializer
        mean(X - GM.d1) / sd(X) 
    } 

CI.d1 <- function(X, gamma = .95) {
    n    <- length(X)
    dlow <- qlambdap(1/2-gamma/2, df = n-1, t = d1(X) * sqrt(n) ) 
    dhig <- qlambdap(1/2+gamma/2, df = n-1, t = d1(X) * sqrt(n) ) 
    c(dlow, dhig) / sqrt(n)
}
```

In that function, we have the variable ``GM.d1`` which represents the
grand mean over all the condition. We see later how this variable
is initialized.

In what follow, I use a randomly-generated data with ``GRD()`` simulating
three dosage levels in a between-group design. The three groups
have different means of 50, 51.2 and 52.4 which should translate
into observed $d_p$ of about 0.12 (between group 1 and group 2 as
well as between group 2 and group 3) as the standard deviation 
in the population is 10:

```{r}
# let's generate random data with true Cohen's dp 
# of 0.12 (groups 1 and 2) and 0.24 (groups 1 and 3)
dta <- GRD( BSFactors = "Dose(3)", 
    RenameDV          = "score",
    Effects           = list("Dose" = custom(0, 1.2, 2.4)), 
    SubjectsPerGroup  = 500, 
    Population        = list( mean = 50, stddev = 10)
)
```

If we set manually ``GM.d1`` to the grand mean, we are ready to make 
a plot. Alternatively, we can create an **initializer** that will
be run by ``superbPlot()`` automatically. Here it is:

```{r}
# the exact formulas for Cohen's d1 and dp. Only d1 is used in the plot
init.d1 <- function(df) { 
        GM.d1 <<- mean(df$DV) # will make d1 relative to the grand mean
}
```

It will be run from the ``rawData`` data frame (generated by 
``superbPlot()``; check ``superbData()`` if you want to access that
data frame) in which the measures are collated in the column ``DV``. 

Now let's make the plot, feeding ``d1`` as the statistic function:

```{r, message=TRUE, echo=TRUE, fig.width = 4, fig.cap="**Figure 1**. d_1 scores along with 95% confidence interval."}
# show a plot with Cohen's d1 and difference-adjusted confidence intervals of d1
superbPlot(dta, 
        BSFactors   = "Dose", variables = "score", 
        statistic   = "d1",  errorbar  = "CI", 
        gamma       = 0.95, 
        plotStyle   = "line",
        adjustments = list(purpose="difference")
) + theme_light(base_size = 16) + 
coord_cartesian( ylim = c(-0.3,+0.45) ) +
labs(title = "d_1 with difference-adjusted 95% confidence intervals of d_1",
     y     = "d_1 relative to grand mean") 
```

The difference between two $d_1$ is the Cohen's $d_p$ and the
difference-adjusted confidence intervals are adequate to compare two
$d_p$. For example, the $d_1$ of the first group is not **included**
in the third group's $d_1$ which indicates that the Cohen's $d_p$ 
is significantly different from zero.

Note that in the above, the initializer was detected and run 
automatically. You can check that the initializer is detectable with

```{r}
superb:::has.init.function("d1")
```


## Checking the results 

To check the above, we could implement the formulas for the Cohen's
$d_p$ [@cg20]:

```{r}
dp <- function(X, Y) {
        mean(X - Y) / sqrt((length(X)*var(X) + length(Y)*var(Y))/(length(X)+length(Y)-2))
    } 
CI.dp <- function(X, Y, gamma = .95) {
    n1 = length(X)
    n2 = length(Y)
    n = hmean(c(n1, n2))
    dlow <- qlambdap(1/2-gamma/2, df = n1+n2-2, t = dp(X, Y) * sqrt(n/2) ) 
    dhig <- qlambdap(1/2+gamma/2, df = n1+n2-2, t = dp(X, Y) * sqrt(n/2) ) 
    c(dlow, dhig) / sqrt(n/2)
}
```

Let's extract the group's data for intermediate computations:

```{r}
grp1 <- dta$score[dta$Dose==1]
grp2 <- dta$score[dta$Dose==2]
grp3 <- dta$score[dta$Dose==3]
```

so that we can easily compute all three pairwise statistics:

```{r}
dp12 <- round(dp(grp2, grp1), 3)
dp13 <- round(dp(grp3, grp1), 3)
dp23 <- round(dp(grp3, grp2), 3)
c(dp12, dp13, dp23)
```

... and their 95% confidence intervals:

```{r}
cidp12 = round(CI.dp(grp2, grp1, 0.95), 3)
cidp13 = round(CI.dp(grp3, grp1, 0.95 ), 3)
cidp23 = round(CI.dp(grp3, grp2, 0.95 ), 3)
c(cidp12,cidp13,cidp23)
```

Let's put these numbers on the plot for easier examination using
the graphic directives ``showSignificance()``:

```{r, message=FALSE, echo=TRUE, fig.width=4, fig.cap="**Figure 2**. d_1 scores along with 95% confidence interval."}
superbPlot(dta, BSFactors  = "Dose", variables = "score", 
        statistic = "d1",  errorbar  = "CI", gamma     = 0.95, 
        plotStyle = "line",
        adjustments = list(purpose="difference")
) + theme_light(base_size = 16) +
coord_cartesian( ylim = c(-0.3,+0.45) ) +
labs(title   = "d_1 with difference-adjusted 95% confidence intervals of d_1",
     caption = paste("Note: Cohen's d_p and its confidence interval computed with the \n",
                     "true formula (Cousineau & Goulet-Pelletier, 2020)"),      
     y       = "d_1 relative to grand mean") +  
showSignificance(c(1,2), 0.3, -0.01,
    paste("dp = ",dp12, ifelse(sign(cidp12[1])==sign(cidp12[2]),", p < .05",", p > .05")) ) + 
showSignificance(c(1,3), 0.4, -0.01,
    paste("dp = ",dp13, ifelse(sign(cidp13[1])==sign(cidp13[2]),", p < .05",", p > .05"))) + 
showSignificance(c(2,3), -0.25, +0.01,
    paste("dp = ",dp23, ifelse(sign(cidp23[1])==sign(cidp23[2]),", p < .05",", p > .05"))) 
```

In the above, we used the fact that if both limits of the confidence 
interval are of the same sign, then they are on the same side with 
respect to zero, and therefore, excludes zero at a significance level
of at least 5% (for 95% confidence intervals).

Let's examine how good the difference-adjusted CI of $d_1$ are compared 
to the CI of $d_p$. The following function (a) get the length
of the Cohen's $d_p$ interval; (b) average (in the square sense, see
[here](https://dcousin3.github.io/superb/articles/Vignette7.html))
the two difference-adjusted confidence intervals of $d_1$:

```{r}
compareCIlength <- function(g1, g2) {
    # compute the Cohen's dp confidence interval length
    cilength.dp = round(CI.dp(g1, g2)[2]-CI.dp(g1, g2)[1], 3)

    # compute two d1 CI length, difference-adjusted
    len1    = sqrt(2)*(CI.d1(grp1)[2] - CI.d1(grp1)[1])
    len2    = sqrt(2)*(CI.d1(grp2)[2] - CI.d1(grp2)[1])
    # average in the square sense the two d1 CI lengths
    cilength.d1 = round(sqrt((len1^2 + len2^2)/2), 3)

    data.frame( dp.length = cilength.dp, d1.average.length = cilength.d1)
}

compareCIlength(grp1,grp2)
compareCIlength(grp1,grp3)
compareCIlength(grp2,grp3)
```

As seen, there is no difference until the third decimal. The
small difference comes from the fact that the degrees of freedom
are separated, not pooled.
 








# References
