---
title: 'valr overview'
date: '`r Sys.Date()`'
output:
  rmarkdown::html_vignette:
    toc: true
    toc_depth: 3
    vignette: >
      %\VignetteIndexEntry{valr-overview}
      %\VignetteEngine{knitr::rmarkdown}
      %\VignetteEncoding{UTF-8}
---

```{r knitr_opts, echo = FALSE}
knitr::opts_chunk$set(
  collapse = TRUE,
  comment = "#>",
  fig.align = "center"
)
```

```{r init, echo = FALSE, message = FALSE}
library(valr)
library(dplyr)
library(ggplot2)
library(tibble)
```
## Why `valr`?

**Why another tool set for interval manipulations?** There are several [other software packages](#related_work) available for genome interval analysis. However, based on our experiences teaching genome analysis, we were motivated to develop a toolset that:

* Combines analysis and visualization in RStudio.
* Can be used to generate reports with Rmarkdown.
* Is highly extensible. New tools are quickly implemented on the R side.
* Leverages the "modern R" syntax, using `dplyr` and the pipe operator from `magrittr` (`%>%`).
* Maximizes speed by implementing compute-intensive algorithms in `Rcpp`.
* Facilitates interactive visualizations with [`shiny`][13].

`valr` can currently be used for analysis of pre-processed data in BED and related formats. We plan to support BAM and VCF files soon via tabix indexes.

### Familiar tools, natively in R

The functions in `valr` have similar names to their `BEDtools` counterparts, and so will be familiar to users coming from the `BEDtools` suite. Similar to [`pybedtools`](https://daler.github.io/pybedtools/#why-pybedtools), `valr` has a terse syntax:

```{r syntax_demo, message = FALSE}
library(valr)
library(dplyr)

snps <- read_bed(valr_example("hg19.snps147.chr22.bed.gz"), n_fields = 6)
genes <- read_bed(valr_example("genes.hg19.chr22.bed.gz"), n_fields = 6)

# find snps in intergenic regions
intergenic <- bed_subtract(snps, genes)
# distance from intergenic snps to nearest gene
nearby <- bed_closest(intergenic, genes)

nearby %>%
  select(starts_with("name"), .overlap, .dist) %>%
  filter(abs(.dist) < 1000)
```

### Input data

`valr` assigns common column names to facilitate comparisons between tbls. All tbls will have `chrom`, `start`, and `end` columns, and some tbls from multi-column formats will have additional pre-determined column names. See the `read_bed()` documentation for details.

```{r file_io}
bed_file <- valr_example("3fields.bed.gz")
read_bed(bed_file) # accepts filepaths or URLs
```

`valr` can also operate on BED-like data.frames already constructed in R, provided that columns named `chrom`, `start` and `end` are present. New tbls can also be constructed as either `tibbles` or base R `data.frames`.

```{r trbl_ivls}
bed <- tribble(
  ~chrom, ~start,  ~end,
  "chr1", 1657492, 2657492,
  "chr2", 2501324, 3094650
)

bed
```

### Interval coordinates

`valr` adheres to the BED [format](https://genome.ucsc.edu/FAQ/FAQformat#format1) which specifies that the start position for an interval is zero based and the end position is one-based. The first position in a chromosome is 0. The end position for a chromosome is one position passed the last base, and is not included in the interval. For example:

```{r zero-based}
# a chromosome 100 basepairs in length
chrom <- tribble(
  ~chrom, ~start, ~end,
  "chr1", 0,      100
)

chrom

# single basepair intervals
bases <- tribble(
  ~chrom, ~start, ~end,
  "chr1", 0,      1, # first base of chromosome
  "chr1", 1,      2, # second base of chromosome
  "chr1", 99,     100 # last base of chromosome
)

bases
```

### Remote databases

Remote databases can be accessed with `db_ucsc()` (to access the UCSC Browser) and `db_ensembl()` (to access Ensembl databases).

```{r db, warning = FALSE, eval = FALSE}
# access the `refGene` tbl on the `hg38` assembly.
if (require(RMariaDB)) {
  ucsc <- db_ucsc("hg38")
  tbl(ucsc, "refGene")
}
```

### Visual documentation

The `bed_glyph()` tool illustrates the results of operations in `valr`, similar to those found in the `BEDtools` documentation. This glyph shows the result of intersecting `x` and `y` intervals with `bed_intersect()`:

```{r intersect_glyph}
x <- tribble(
  ~chrom, ~start, ~end,
  "chr1", 25,     50,
  "chr1", 100,    125
)

y <- tribble(
  ~chrom, ~start, ~end,
  "chr1", 30,     75
)

bed_glyph(bed_intersect(x, y))
```

And this glyph illustrates `bed_merge()`:

```{r merge_glyph}
x <- tribble(
  ~chrom, ~start, ~end,
  "chr1", 1, 50,
  "chr1", 10, 75,
  "chr1", 100, 120
)

bed_glyph(bed_merge(x))
```

### Grouping data

The `group_by` function in dplyr can be used to perform functions on subsets of single and multiple `data_frame`s. Functions in `valr` leverage grouping to enable a variety of comparisons. For example, intervals can be grouped by `strand` to perform comparisons among intervals on the same strand.

```{r strand}
x <- tribble(
  ~chrom, ~start, ~end, ~strand,
  "chr1", 1,      100,  "+",
  "chr1", 50,     150,  "+",
  "chr2", 100,    200,  "-"
)

y <- tribble(
  ~chrom, ~start, ~end, ~strand,
  "chr1", 50,     125,  "+",
  "chr1", 50,     150,  "-",
  "chr2", 50,     150,  "+"
)

# intersect tbls by strand
x <- group_by(x, strand)
y <- group_by(y, strand)

bed_intersect(x, y)
```

Comparisons between intervals on opposite strands are done using the `flip_strands()` function:

```{r strand_opp}
x <- group_by(x, strand)

y <- flip_strands(y)
y <- group_by(y, strand)

bed_intersect(x, y)
```

Both single set (e.g. `bed_merge()`) and multi set operations will respect groupings in the input intervals.

### Column specification

Columns in `BEDtools` are referred to by position:

```bash
# calculate the mean of column 6 for intervals in `b` that overlap with `a`
bedtools map -a a.bed -b b.bed -c 6 -o mean
```

In `valr`, columns are referred to by name and can be used in multiple name/value expressions for summaries.

```{r NSE, eval = FALSE}
# calculate the mean and variance for a `value` column
bed_map(a, b, .mean = mean(value), .var = var(value))

# report concatenated and max values for merged intervals
bed_merge(a, .concat = concat(value), .max = max(value))
```

## Getting started

### Meta-analysis

This demonstration illustrates how to use `valr` tools to perform a "meta-analysis" of signals relative to genomic features. Here we to analyze the distribution of histone marks surrounding transcription start sites.

First we load libraries and relevant data.

```{r demo-tss, warning = FALSE, message = FALSE}
# `valr_example()` identifies the path of example files
bedfile <- valr_example("genes.hg19.chr22.bed.gz")
genomefile <- valr_example("hg19.chrom.sizes.gz")
bgfile <- valr_example("hela.h3k4.chip.bg.gz")

genes <- read_bed(bedfile, n_fields = 6)
genome <- read_genome(genomefile)
y <- read_bedgraph(bgfile)
```

Then we generate 1 bp intervals to represent transcription start sites (TSSs). We focus on `+` strand genes, but `-` genes are easily accommodated by filtering them and using `bed_makewindows()` with `reversed` window numbers.

```{r tss}
# generate 1 bp TSS intervals, `+` strand only
tss <- genes %>%
  filter(strand == "+") %>%
  mutate(end = start + 1)

# 1000 bp up and downstream
region_size <- 1000
# 50 bp windows
win_size <- 50

# add slop to the TSS, break into windows and add a group
x <- tss %>%
  bed_slop(genome, both = region_size) %>%
  bed_makewindows(win_size)

x
```

Now we use the `.win_id` group with `bed_map()` to calculate a sum by mapping `y` signals onto the intervals in `x`. These data are regrouped by `.win_id` and a summary with `mean` and `sd` values is calculated.

```{r map}
# map signals to TSS regions and calculate summary statistics.
res <- bed_map(x, y, win_sum = sum(value, na.rm = TRUE)) %>%
  group_by(.win_id) %>%
  summarize(
    win_mean = mean(win_sum, na.rm = TRUE),
    win_sd = sd(win_sum, na.rm = TRUE)
  )

res
```

Finally, these summary statistics are used to construct a plot that illustrates histone density surrounding TSSs.

```{r plot, warning = FALSE, message = FALSE, fig.align='center', fig.width=6}
library(ggplot2)

x_labels <- seq(-region_size, region_size, by = win_size * 5)
x_breaks <- seq(1, 41, by = 5)

sd_limits <- aes(ymax = win_mean + win_sd, ymin = win_mean - win_sd)

ggplot(res, aes(x = .win_id, y = win_mean)) +
  geom_point() +
  geom_pointrange(sd_limits) +
  scale_x_continuous(labels = x_labels, breaks = x_breaks) +
  xlab("Position (bp from TSS)") +
  ylab("Signal") +
  ggtitle("Human H3K4me3 signal near transcription start sites") +
  theme_classic()
```

## API

Function names are similar to their their [BEDtools][1] counterparts, with some additions.

### Data types

* Validate interval sets with `check_interval()` and `check_genome()`, which enforce strict column naming.

### Reading data

* Read BED and related files with `read_bed()`, `read_bed12()`, `read_bedgraph()`, `read_narrowpeak()` and `read_broadpeak()`.
  
* Read genome files containing chromosome name and size information with `read_genome()`.
  
* Load VCF files with `read_vcf()`.

* Access remote databases with `db_ucsc()` and `db_ensembl()`.

### Transforming single interval sets

* Adjust interval coordinates with `bed_slop()` and `bed_shift()`, and create new flanking intervals with `bed_flank()`.

* Combine nearby intervals with `bed_merge()` and identify nearby intervals with `bed_cluster()`.  

* Generate intervals not covered by a query with `bed_complement()`.

* Order intervals with `dplyr::arrange()`.

### Comparing multiple interval sets

* Find overlaps between sets of intervals with `bed_intersect()`.

* Apply functions to overlapping sets of intervals with `bed_map()`.

* Remove intervals based on overlaps with `bed_subtract()`.

* Find overlapping intervals within a window with `bed_window()`.

* Find closest intervals independent of overlaps with `bed_closest()`.

### Randomizing intervals

* Generate random intervals with `bed_random()`.

* Shuffle the coordinates of intervals with `bed_shuffle()`.

* Sample input intervals with `dplyr::sample_n()` and `dplyr::sample_frac()`.

### Interval statistics

* Calculate significance of overlaps between sets of intervals with `bed_fisher()` and  `bed_projection()`.

* Quantify relative and absolute distances between sets of intervals with `bed_reldist()` and `bed_absdist()`.

* Quantify extent of overlap between sets of intervals with `bed_jaccard()`.

### Utilities

* Create features from BED12 files with `create_introns()`, `create_tss()`, `create_utrs5()`, and `create_utrs3()`.

* Visualize the actions of valr functions with `bed_glyph()`.

* Constrain intervals to a genome reference with `bound_intervals()`.

* Subdivide intervals with `bed_makewindows()`.

* Convert BED12 to BED6 format with `bed12_to_exons()`.

* Calculate spacing between intervals with `interval_spacing()`.

## Related work

* Command-line tools [BEDtools][1] and [bedops][5].

* The Python library [pybedtools][4] wraps BEDtools.

* The R packages [GenomicRanges][6], [bedr][7], [IRanges][8] and [GenometriCorr][9] provide similar capability with a different philosophy.

[1]: https://bedtools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
[2]: https://github.com/hadley/dplyr
[3]: https://www.rcpp.org/
[4]: https://pythonhosted.org/pybedtools/
[5]: https://bedops.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html
[6]: https://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/GenomicRanges.html
[7]: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=bedr
[8]: https://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/IRanges.html
[9]: https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002529
[10]: https://rmarkdown.rstudio.com/
[12]: https://bitbucket.org/snakemake/snakemake/wiki/Home
[13]: https://shiny.rstudio.com/
