Authentic Chained Data Containers (ACDC)

2.1. Field Label Table

2.2. Compact Labels

The primary field labels are compact in that they use only one or two characters. ACDCs are meant to support resource-constrained applications such as supply chain or IoT (Internet of Things) applications. Compact labels better support resource-constrained applications in general. With compact labels, the over-the-wire verifiable signed serialization consumes a minimum amount of bandwidth. Nevertheless, without loss of generality, a one-to-one normative semantic overlay using more verbose expressive field labels may be applied to the normative compact labels after verification of the over-the-wire serialization. This approach better supports bandwidth and storage constraints on transmission while not precluding any later semantic post-processing. This is a well-known design pattern for resource-constrained applications.¶

2.3. Version String Field

The version string, v, field MUST be the first field in any top-level ACDC field map. It provides a regular expression target for determining the serialization format and size (character count) of a serialized ACDC. A stream-parser may use the version string to extract and deserialize (deterministically) any serialized ACDC in a stream of serialized ACDCs. Each ACDC in a stream may use a different serialization type.¶

The format of the version string is ACDCvvSSSShhhhhh_. The first four characters ACDC indicate the enclosing field map serialization. The next two characters, vv provide the lowercase hexadecimal notation for the major and minor version numbers of the version of the ACDC specification used for the serialization. The first v provides the major version number and the second v provides the minor version number. For example, 01 indicates major version 0 and minor version 1 or in dotted-decimal notation 0.1. Likewise 1c indicates major version 1 and minor version decimal 12 or in dotted-decimal notation 1.12. The next four characters SSSS indicate the serialization type in uppercase. The four supported serialization types are JSON, CBOR, MGPK, and CESR for the JSON, CBOR, MessagePack, and CESR serialization standards respectively [JSON][RFC4627][CBOR][RFC8949][MGPK][CESR_ID]. The next six characters provide in lowercase hexadecimal notation the total number of characters in the serialization of the ACDC. The maximum length of a given ACDC is thereby constrained to be 2²⁴ = 16,777,216 characters in length. The final character - is the version string terminator. This enables later versions of ACDC to change the total version string size and thereby enable versioned changes to the composition of the fields in the version string while preserving deterministic regular expression extractability of the version string. Although a given ACDC serialization type may have a field map delimiter or framing code characters that appear before (i.e. prefix) the version string field in a serialization, the set of possible prefixes is sufficiently constrained by the allowed serialization protocols to guarantee that a regular expression can determine unambiguously the start of any ordered field map serialization that includes the version string as the first field value. Given the version string, a parser may then determine the end of the serialization so that it can extract the full ACDC from the stream without first deserializing it. This enables performant stream parsing and off-loading of ACDC streams that include any or all of the supported serialization types.¶

2.4. AID (Autonomic IDentifier) Fields

Some fields, such as the i and ri fields, MUST each have an AID (Autonomic IDentifier) as its value. An AID is a fully qualified Self-Certifying IDentifier (SCID) that follows the KERI protocol [KERI][KERI_ID]. A SCID is derived from one or more (public, private) key pairs using asymmetric or public-key cryptography to create verifiable digital signatures [DSig]. Each AID has a set of one or more controllers who each control a private key. By virtue of their private key(s), the set of controllers may make statements on behalf of the associated AID that is backed by uniquely verifiable commitments via digital signatures on those statements. Any entity may then verify those signatures using the associated set of public keys. No shared or trusted relationship between the controllers and verifiers is required. The verifiable key state for AIDs is established with the KERI protocol [KERI][KERI_ID]. The use of AIDS enables ACDCs to be used in a portable but securely attributable, fully decentralized manner in an ecosystem that spans trust domains.¶

2.5. SAID (Self-Addressing IDentifier) Fields

Some fields in ACDCs may have for their value either a field map or a SAID. A SAID follows the SAID protocol [SAID_ID]. Essentially a SAID is a Self-Addressing IDentifier (self-referential content addressable). A SAID is a special type of cryptographic digest of its encapsulating field map (block). The encapsulating block of a SAID is called a SAD (Self-Addressed Data). Using a SAID as a field value enables a more compact but secure representation of the associated block (SAD) from which the SAID is derived. Any nested field map that includes a SAID field (i.e. is, therefore, a SAD) may be compacted into its SAID. The uncompacted blocks for each associated SAID may be attached or cached to optimize bandwidth and availability without decreasing security.¶

Several top-level ACDC fields may have for their value either a serialized field map or the SAID of that field map. Each SAID provides a stable universal cryptographically verifiable and agile reference to its encapsulating block (serialized field map). Specifically, the value of top-level s, a, e, and r fields may be replaced by the SAID of their associated field map. When replaced by their SAID, these top-level sections are in compact form.¶

Recall that a cryptographic commitment (such as a digital signature or cryptographic digest) on a given digest with sufficient cryptographic strength including collision resistance [HCR][QCHC] is equivalent to a commitment to the block from which the given digest was derived. Specifically, a digital signature on a SAID makes a verifiable cryptographic non-repudiable commitment that is equivalent to a commitment on the full serialization of the associated block from which the SAID was derived. This enables reasoning about ACDCs in whole or in part via their SAIDS in a fully interoperable, verifiable, compact, and secure manner. This also supports the well-known bow-tie model of Ricardian Contracts [RC]. This includes reasoning about the whole ACDC given by its top-level SAID, d, field as well as reasoning about any nested sections using their SAIDS.¶

2.6. Selectively Disclosable Attribute Aggregate Field

The top-level selectively-disclosable attribute aggregate section, A, field value is an aggregate of cryptographic commitments used to make a commitment to a set (bundle) of selectively-disclosable attributes. The value of the attribute aggregate, A, field depends on the type of selective disclosure mechanism employed. For example, the aggregate value could be the cryptographic digest of the concatenation of an ordered set of cryptographic digests, a Merkle tree root digest of an ordered set of cryptographic digests, or a cryptographic accumulator.¶

2.7. UUID (Universally Unique IDentifier) Fields

The purpose of the UUID, u, field in any block is to provide sufficient entropy to the SAID, d, field of the associated block to make computationally infeasible any brute force attacks on that block that attempt to discover the block contents from the schema and the SAID. The UUID, u, field may be considered a salty nonce [Salt]. Without the entropy provided the UUID, u, field, an adversary may be able to reconstruct the block contents merely from the SAID of the block and the schema of the block using a rainbow or dictionary attack on the set of field values allowed by the schema [RB][DRB]. The effective security level, entropy, or cryptographic strength of the schema-compliant field values may be much less than the cryptographic strength of the SAID digest. Another way of saying this is that the cardinality of the power set of all combinations of allowed field values may be much less than the cryptographic strength of the SAID. Thus an adversary could successfully discover via brute force the exact block by creating digests of all the elements of the power set which may be small enough to be computationally feasible instead of inverting the SAID itself. Sufficient entropy in the u field ensures that the cardinality of the power set allowed by the schema is at least as great as the entropy of the SAID digest algorithm itself.¶

A UUID, u field may optionally appear in any block (field map) at any level of an ACDC. Whenever a block in an ACDC includes a UUID, u, field then its associated SAID, d, field makes a blinded commitment to the contents of that block. The UUID, u, field is the blinding factor. This makes that block securely partially disclosable or even selectively disclosable notwithstanding disclosure of the associated schema of the block. The block contents can only be discovered given disclosure of the included UUID field. Likewise when a UUID, u, field appears at the top level of an ACDC then that top-level SAID, d, field makes a blinded commitment to the contents of the whole ACDC itself. Thus the whole ACDC, not merely some block within the ACDC, may be disclosed in a privacy-preserving (correlation minimizing) manner.¶

2.8. Graduated Disclosure and Contractually Protected Disclosure

ACDC leverages several closely related mechanisms for what can be called graduated disclosure. Graduated disclosure enables adherence to the principle of least disclosure which is expressed as follows:¶

• The system should disclose only the minimum amount of information about a given party needed to facilitate a transaction and no more. [IDSys]¶

To clarify, graduated disclosure enables a potential Discloser to follow the principle of least disclosure by providing the least amount of information i.e. partial, incomplete, or uncorrelatable information needed to further a transaction.¶

The important insight is that one type of transaction enabled by least disclosure is a transaction that specifically enables further disclosure. In other words, disclose enough to enable more disclosure which in turn may enable even more disclosure. This is the essence of graduated disclosure. This progression of successive least graduated disclosures to enable a transaction that itself enables a farther least graduated disclosure forms a recursive loop of least disclosure enabled transactions. In other words, the principle of least disclosure may be applied recursively.¶

A type of transaction that leverages graduated disclosure to enable further disclosure we call a contractually protected disclosure transaction. In a contractually protected disclosure, the potential Discloser first makes an offer using the least (partial) disclosure of some information about other information to be disclosed (full disclosure) contingent on the potential Disclosee first agreeing to the contractual terms provided in the offer. The contractual terms could, for example, limit the disclosure to third parties of the yet to be disclosed information. But those contractual terms may also include provisions that protect against liability or other concerns not merely disclosure to third parties.¶

One special case of a contractually protected disclosure is a chain-link confidential disclosure [CLC].¶

Another special case of contractually protected disclosure is a contingent-disclosure. In a contingent disclosure some contingency is specified in the rule section that places an obligation by some party to make a disclosure when the contingency is satisfied. This might be recourse given the breach of some other term of the contract. When that contingency is met then the contingent disclosure MUST be made by the party whose responsibility it is to satisfy that disclosure obligation. The responsible party may be the Discloser of the ACDC or it may be some other party such as an escrow agent. The contingent disclosure clause may reference a cryptographic commitment to a private ACDC or private attribute ACDC (partial disclosure) that satisfies via its full disclosure the contingent disclosure requirement. Contingent disclosure may be used to limit the actual disclosure of personally identifying information (PII) to a just-in-time, need-to-know basis (i.e upon the contingency) and not a priori. As long as the Discloser and Disclosee trust the escrow agent and the verifiability of the committment, there is no need to disclose PII about the discloser in order to enable a transaction, but merely an agreement to the terms of the contingency. This enables something called latent accountability. Recourse via PII is latent in the contingent disclosure but is not ever realized (actualized) until recourse is truly needed. The minimizes inadvertent leakage while protecting the Disclosee.¶

3.1. Type-is-Schema

Notable is the fact that there are no top-level type fields in an ACDC. This is because the schema, s, field itself is the type field for the ACDC and its parts. ACDCs follow the design principle of separation of concerns between a data container's actual payload information and the type information of that container's payload. In this sense, type information is metadata, not data. The schema dialect used by ACDCs is JSON Schema 2020-12 [JSch][JSch_202012]. JSON Schema supports composable schema (sub-schema), conditional schema (sub-schema), and regular expressions in the schema. Composability enables a validator to ask and answer complex questions about the type of even optional payload elements while maintaining isolation between payload information and type (structure) information about the payload [JSchCp][JSchRE][JSchId][JSchCx]. A static but composed schema allows a verifiably immutable set of variants. Although the set is immutable, the variants enable graduated but secure disclosure. ACDC's use of JSON Schema MUST be in accordance with the ACDC defined profile as defined herein. The exceptions are defined below.¶

3.2. Schema ID Field Label

The usual field label for SAID fields in ACDCs is d. In the case of the schema section, however, the field label for the SAID of the schema section is $id. This repurposes the schema id field label, $id as defined by JSON Schema [JSchId][JSchCx]. The top-level id, $id, field value in a JSON Schema provides a unique identifier of the schema instance. In a usual (non-ACDC) schema the value of the id, $id, field is expressed as a URI. This is called the Base URI of the schema. In an ACDC schema, however, the top-level id, $id, field value is repurposed. Its value MUST include the SAID of the schema. This ensures that the ACDC schema is static and verifiable to their SAIDS. A verifiably static schema satisfies one of the essential security properties of ACDCs as discussed below. There are several ACDC supported formats for the value of the top-level id, $id, field but all of the formats MUST include the SAID of the schema (see below). Correspondingly, the value of the top-level schema, s, field MUST be the SAID included in the schema's top-level $id field. The detailed schema is either attached or cached and maybe discovered via its SAIDified, id, $id, field value.¶

When an id, '$id', field appears in a sub-schema it indicates a bundled sub-schema called a schema resource [JSchId][JSchCx]. The value of the id, '$id', field in any ACDC bundled sub-schema resource MUST include the SAID of that sub-schema using one of the formats described below. The sub-schema so bundled MUST be verifiable against its referenced and embedded SAID value. This ensures secure bundling.¶

3.3. Static (Immutable) Schema

For security reasons, the full schema of an ACDC must be completely self-contained and statically fixed (immutable) for that ACDC. By this, we mean that no dynamic schema references or dynamic schema generation mechanisms are allowed.¶

Should an adversary successfully attack the source that provides the dynamic schema resource and change the result provided by that reference, then the schema validation on any ACDC that uses that dynamic schema reference may fail. Such an attack effectively revokes all the ACDCs that use that dynamic schema reference. We call this a schema revocation attack.¶

More insidiously, an attacker could shift the semantics of the dynamic schema in such a way that although the ACDC still passes its schema validation, the behavior of the downstream processing of that ACDC is changed by the semantic shift. This we call a semantic malleability attack. It may be considered a new type of transaction malleability attack [TMal].¶

To prevent both forms of attack, all schema must be static, i.e. schema MUST be SADs and therefore verifiable against their SAIDs.¶

To elaborate, the serialization of a static schema may be self-contained. A compact commitment to the detailed static schema may be provided by its SAID. In other words, the SAID of a static schema is a verifiable cryptographic identifier for its SAD. Therefore all ACDC compliant schema must be SADs. In other words, they MUST therefore be SAIDified. The associated detailed static schema (uncompacted SAD) is cryptographically bound and verifiable to its SAID.¶

The JSON Schema specification allows complex schema references that may include non-local URI references [JSchId][JSchCx][RFC3986][RFC8820]. These references may use the $id or $ref keywords. A relative URI reference provided by a $ref keyword is resolved against the Base URI provided by the top-level $id field. When this top-level Base URI is non-local then all relative $ref references are therefore also non-local. A non-local URI reference provided by a $ref keyword may be resolved without reference to the Base URI.¶

In general, schema indicated by non-local URI references ($id or $ref) MUST NOT be used because they are not cryptographically end-verifiable. The value of the underlying schema resource so referenced may change (mutate). To restate, a non-local URI schema resource is not end-verifiable to its URI reference because there is no cryptographic binding between URI and resource [RFC3986][RFC8820].¶

This does not preclude the use of remotely cached SAIDified schema resources because those resources are end-verifiable to their embedded SAID references. Said another way, a SAIDified schema resource is itself a SAD (Self-Address Data) referenced by its SAID. A URI that includes a SAID may be used to securely reference a remote or distributed SAIDified schema resource because that resource is fixed (immutable, nonmalleable) and verifiable to both the SAID in the reference and the embedded SAID in the resource so referenced. To elaborate, a non-local URI reference that includes an embedded cryptographic commitment such as a SAID is verifiable to the underlying resource when that resource is a SAD. This applies to JSON Schema as a whole as well as bundled sub-schema resources.¶

There ACDC supported formats for the value of the top-level id, $id, field are as follows:¶

• Bare SAIDs may be used to refer to a SAIDified schema as long as the JSON schema validator supports bare SAID references. By default, many if not all JSON schema validators support bare strings (non-URIs) for the Base URI provided by the top-level $id field value.¶
• The sad: URI scheme may be used to directly indicate a URI resource that safely returns a verifiable SAD. For example sad:SAID where SAID is replaced with the actual SAID of a SAD that provides a verifiable non-local reference to JSON Schema as indicated by the mime-type of schema+json.¶
• The IETF KERI OOBI internet draft specification provides a URL syntax that references a SAD resource by its SAID at the service endpoint indicated by that URL [OOBI_ID]. Such remote OOBI URLs are also safe because the provided SAD resource is verifiable against the SAID in the OOBI URL. Therefore OOBI URLs are also acceptable non-local URI references for JSON Schema [OOBI_ID][RFC3986][RFC8820].¶
• The did: URI scheme may be used safely to prefix non-local URI references that act to namespace SAIDs expressed as DID URIs or DID URLs. DID resolvers resolve DID URLs for a given DID method such as did:keri [DIDK_ID] and may return DID docs or DID doc metadata with SAIDified schema or service endpoints that return SAIDified schema or OOBIs that return SAIDified schema [RFC3986][RFC8820][OOBI_ID]. A verifiable non-local reference in the form of DID URL that includes the schema SAID is resolved safely when it dereferences to the SAD of that SAID. For example, the resolution result returns an ACDC JSON Schema whose id, $id, field includes the SAID and returns a resource with JSON Schema mime-type of schema+json.¶

To clarify, ACDCs MUST NOT use complex JSON Schema references which allow *dynamically generated *schema resources to be obtained from online JSON Schema Libraries [JSchId][JSchCx]. The latter approach may be difficult or impossible to secure because a cryptographic commitment to the base schema that includes complex schema (non-relative URI-based) references only commits to the non-relative URI reference and not to the actual schema resource which may change (is dynamic, mutable, malleable). To restate, this approach is insecure because a cryptographic commitment to a complex (non-relative URI-based) reference is NOT equivalent to a commitment to the detailed associated schema resource so referenced if it may change.¶

ACDCs MUST use static JSON Schema (i.e. SAIDifiable schema). These may include internal relative references to other parts of a fully self-contained static (SAIDified) schema or references to static (SAIDified) external schema parts. As indicated above, these references may be bare SAIDs, DID URIs or URLs (did: scheme), SAD URIs (sad: scheme), or OOBI URLs [OOBI_ID]. Recall that a commitment to a SAID with sufficient collision resistance makes an equivalent secure commitment to its encapsulating block SAD. Thus static schema may be either fully self-contained or distributed in parts but the value of any reference to a part must be verifiably static (immutable, nonmalleable) by virtue of either being relative to the self-contained whole or being referenced by its SAID. The static schema in whole or in parts may be attached to the ACDC itself or provided via a highly available cache or data store. To restate, this approach is securely end-verifiable (zero-trust) because a cryptographic commitment to the SAID of a SAIDified schema is equivalent to a commitment to the detailed associated schema itself (SAD).¶

3.4. Schema Dialect

The schema dialect for ACDC 1.0 is JSON Schema 2020-12 and is indicated by the identifier "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema" [JSch][JSch_202012]. This is indicated in a JSON Schema via the value of the top-level $schema field. Although the value of $schema is expressed as a URI, de-referencing does not provide dynamically downloadable schema dialect validation code. This would be an attack vector. The validator MUST control the tooling code dialect used for schema validation and hence the tooling dialect version actually used. A mismatch between the supported tooling code dialect version and the $schema string value should cause the validation to fail. The string is simply an identifier that communicates the intended dialect to be processed by the schema validation tool. When provided, the top-level $schema field value for ACDC version 1.0 must be "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema".¶

3.5. Schema Availablity

The composed detailed (uncompacted) (bundled) static schema for an ACDC may be cached or attached. But cached, and/or attached static schema is not to be confused with dynamic schema. Nonetheless, while securely verifiable, a remotely cached, SAIDified, schema resource may be unavailable. Availability is a separate concern. Unavailable does not mean insecure or unverifiable. ACDCs MUST be verifiable when available. Availability is typically solvable through redundancy. Although a given ACDC application domain or eco-system governance framework may impose schema availability constraints, the ACDC specification itself does not impose any specific availability requirements on Issuers other than schema caches SHOULD be sufficiently available for the intended application of their associated ACDCs. It's up to the Issuer of an ACDC to satisfy any availability constraints on its schema that may be imposed by the application domain or eco-system.¶

3.6. Composable JSON Schema

A composable JSON Schema enables the use of any combination of compacted/uncompacted attribute, edge, and rule sections in a provided ACDC. When compact, any one of these sections may be represented merely by its SAID [JSch][JSchCp]. When used for the top-level attribute, a, edge, e, or rule, r, section field values, the oneOf sub-schema composition operator provides both compact and uncompacted variants. The provided ACDC MUST validate against an allowed combination of the composed variants, either the compact SAID of a block or the full detailed (uncompacted) block for each section. The validator determines what decomposed variants the provided ACDC MUST also validate against. Decomposed variants may be dependent on the type of graduated disclosure, partial, full, or selective. Essentially a composable schema is a verifiable bundle of metadata (composed) about content that then can be verifiably unbundled (decomposed) later. The Issuer makes a single verifiable commitment to the bundle (composed schema) and a recipient may then safely unbundle (decompose) the schema to validate any of the graduated disclosures variants allowed by the composition.¶

Unlike the other compactifiable sections, it is impossible to define recursively the exact detailed schema as a variant of a oneOf composition operator contained in itself. Nonetheless, the provided schema, whether self-contained, attached, or cached MUST validate as a SAD against its provided SAID. It MUST also validate against one of its specified oneOf variants.¶

The compliance of the provided non-schema attribute, a, edge, e, and rule, r, sections MUST be enforced by validating against the composed schema. In contrast, the compliance of the provided composed schema for an expected ACDC type MUST be enforced by the validator. This is because it is not possible to enforce strict compliance of the schema by validating it against itself.¶

ACDC specific schema compliance requirements are usually specified in the eco-system governance framework for a given ACDC type. Because the SAID of a schema is a unique content-addressable identifier of the schema itself, compliance can be enforced by comparison to the allowed schema SAID in a well-known publication or registry of ACDC types for a given ecosystem governance framework (EGF). The EGF may be solely specified by the Issuer for the ACDCs it generates or be specified by some mutually agreed upon eco-system governance mechanism. Typically the business logic for making a decision about a presentation of an ACDC starts by specifying the SAID of the composed schema for the ACDC type that the business logic is expecting from the presentation. The verified SAID of the actually presented schema is then compared against the expected SAID. If they match then the actually presented ACDC may be validated against any desired decomposition of the expected (composed) schema.¶

To elaborate, a validator can confirm compliance of any non-schema section of the ACDC against its schema both before and after uncompacted disclosure of that section by using a composed base schema with oneOf pre-disclosure and a decomposed schema post-disclosure with the compact oneOf option removed. This capability provides a mechanism for secure schema validation of both compact and uncompacted variants that require the Issuer to only commit to the composed schema and not to all the different schema variants for each combination of a given compact/uncompacted section in an ACDC.¶

One of the most important features of ACDCs is support for Chain-Link Confidentiality [CLC]. This provides a powerful mechanism for protecting against un-permissioned exploitation of the data disclosed via an ACDC. Essentially an exchange of information compatible with chain-link confidentiality starts with an offer by the discloser to disclose confidential information to a potential disclosee. This offer includes sufficient metadata about the information to be disclosed such that the disclosee can agree to those terms. Specifically, the metadata includes both the schema of the information to be disclosed and the terms of use of that data once disclosed. Once the disclosee has accepted the terms then full disclosure is made. A full disclosure that happens after contractual acceptance of the terms of use we call permissioned disclosure. The pre-acceptance disclosure of metadata is a form of partial disclosure.¶

As is the case for compact (uncompacted) ACDC disclosure, Composable JSON Schema, enables the use of the same base schema for both the validation of the partial disclosure of the offer metadata prior to contract acceptance and validation of full or detailed disclosure after contract acceptance [JSch][JSchCp]. A cryptographic commitment to the base schema securely specifies the allowable semantics for both partial and full disclosure. Decomposition of the base schema enables a validator to impose more specific semantics at later stages of the exchange process. Specifically, the oneOf sub-schema composition operator validates against either the compact SAID of a block or the full block. Decomposing the schema to remove the optional compact variant enables a validator to ensure complaint full disclosure. To clarify, a validator can confirm schema compliance both before and after detailed disclosure by using a composed base schema pre-disclosure and a decomposed schema post-disclosure with the undisclosed options removed. These features provide a mechanism for secure schema-validated contractually-bound partial (and/or selective) disclosure of confidential data via ACDCs.¶

4.1. Public ACDC

Given that there is no top-level UUID, u, field in an ACDC, then knowledge of both the schema of the ACDC and the top-level SAID, d, field may enable the discovery of the remaining contents of the ACDC via a rainbow table attack [RB][DRB]. Therefore, although the top-level, d, field is a cryptographic digest, it may not securely blind the contents of the ACDC when knowledge of the schema is available. The field values may be discoverable. Consequently, any cryptographic commitment to the top-level SAID, d, field may provide a fixed point of correlation potentially to the ACDC field values themselves in spite of non-disclosure of those field values. Thus an ACDC without a top-level UUID, u, field must be considered a public (non-confidential) ACDC.¶

4.2. Private ACDC

Given a top-level UUID, u, field, whose value has sufficient cryptographic entropy, then the top-level SAID, d, field of an ACDC may provide a secure cryptographic digest that blinds the contents of the ACDC [Hash]. An adversary when given both the schema of the ACDC and the top-level SAID, d, field, is not able to discover the remaining contents of the ACDC in a computationally feasible manner such as through a rainbow table attack [RB][DRB]. Therefore the top-level, UUID, u, field may be used to securely blind the contents of the ACDC notwithstanding knowledge of the schema and top-level, SAID, d, field. Moreover, a cryptographic commitment to that that top-level SAID, d, field does not provide a fixed point of correlation to the other ACDC field values themselves unless and until there has been a disclosure of those field values. Thus an ACDC with a sufficiently high entropy top-level UUID, u, field may be considered a private (confidential) ACDC. enables a verifiable commitment to the top-level SAID of a private ACDC to be made prior to the disclosure of the details of the ACDC itself without leaking those contents. This is called partial disclosure. Furthermore, the inclusion of a UUID, u, field in a block also enables selective disclosure mechanisms described later in the section on selective disclosure.¶

4.3. Metadata ACDC

An empty, top-level UUID, u, field appearing in an ACDC indicates that the ACDC is a metadata ACDC. The purpose of a metadata ACDC is to provide a mechanism for a Discloser to make cryptographic commitments to the metadata of a yet to be disclosed private ACDC without providing any point of correlation to the actual top-level SAID, d, field of that yet to be disclosed ACDC. The top-level SAID, d, field, of the metadata ACDC, is cryptographically derived from an ACDC with an empty top-level UUID, u, field so its value will necessarily be different from that of an ACDC with a high entropy top-level UUID, u, field value. Nonetheless, the Discloser may make a non-repudiable cryptographic commitment to the metadata SAID in order to initiate a chain-link confidentiality exchange without leaking correlation to the actual ACDC to be disclosed [CLC]. A Disclosee (verifier) may validate the other metadata information in the metadata ACDC before agreeing to any restrictions imposed by the future disclosure. The metadata includes the Issuer, the schema, the provenancing edges, and the rules (terms-of-use). The top-level attribute section, a, field value of a metadata ACDC may be empty so that its value is not correlatable across disclosures (presentations). Should the potential Disclosee refuse to agree to the rules then the Discloser has not leaked the SAID of the actual ACDC or the SAID of the attribute block that would have been disclosed.¶

Given the metadata ACDC, the potential Disclosee is able to verify the Issuer, the schema, the provenanced edges, and rules prior to agreeing to the rules. Similarly, an Issuer may use a metadata ACDC to get agreement to a contractual waiver expressed in the rule section with a potential Issuee prior to issuance. Should the Issuee refuse to accept the terms of the waiver then the Issuer has not leaked the SAID of the actual ACDC that would have been issued nor the SAID of its attributes block nor the attribute values themselves.¶

When a metadata ACDC is disclosed (presented) only the Discloser's signature(s) is attached not the Issuer's signature(s). This precludes the Issuer's signature(s) from being used as a point of correlation until after the Disclosee has agreed to the terms in the rule section. When chain-link confidentiality is used, the Issuer's signatures are not disclosed to the Disclosee until after the Disclosee has agreed to keep them confidential. The Disclosee is protected from forged Discloser because ultimately verification of the disclosed ACDC will fail if the Discloser does not eventually provide verifiable Issuer's signatures. Nonetheless, should the potential Disclosee not agree to the terms of the disclosure expressed in the rule section then the Issuer's signature(s) is not leaked.¶

5.1. Graduated Disclosure and the Principle of Least Disclosure

As described previously, ACDCs employ graduated disclosure mechanisms that satisfy the principle of least disclosure. Requoted here the principle of least disclosure is as follows:¶

• The system should disclose only the minimum amount of information about a given party needed to facilitate a transaction and no more. [IDSys]¶

For example, compact disclosure, partial disclosure, and selective disclosure are all graduated disclosure mechanisms. Contractually protected disclosure leverages graduated disclosure so that contractual protections can be put into place using the least disclosure necessary to that end. This minimizes the leakage of information that can be correlated. One type of contractually protected disclosure is chain-link confidentiality [CLC].¶

5.2. Exploitation Protection Mechanisms

ACDCS employ several mechanisms to protect against unpermissioned exploitation of data. These are:¶

• Chain-link Confidentiality [CLC]¶
• Partial Disclosure¶
• Selective Disclosure¶

For example, the partial disclosure of portions of an ACDC to enable chain-link confidentiality of the subsequent full disclosure is an application of the principle of least disclosure. Likewise, unbundling only the necessary attributes from a bundled commitment using selective disclosure to enable a correlation minimizing disclosure from that bundle is an application of the principle of least disclosure.¶

5.3. Three Party Exploitation Model

Unpermission exploitation is characterized using a three-party model. The three parties are as follows:¶

• First-Party = Discloser of data.¶
• Second-Party = Disclosee of data received from First Party (Discloser).¶
• Third-Party = Observer of data disclosed by First Party (Discloser) to Second Party (Disclosee).¶

5.4. Chain-link Confidentiality Exchange

Chain-link confidentiality imposes contractual restrictions and liability on any Disclosee (Second-Party) [CLC]. The exchange provides a fair contract consummation mechanism. The essential steps in a chain-link confidentiality exchange are shown below. Other steps may be included in a more comprehensive exchange protocol.¶

• Discloser provides a non-repudiable Offer with verifiable metadata (sufficient partial disclosure) which includes any terms or restrictions on use.¶
• Disclosee verifies Offer against composed schema and metadata adherence to desired data.¶
• Disclosee provides non-repudiable Accept of terms that are contingent on compliant disclosure.¶
• Discloser provides non-repudiable Disclosure with sufficient compliant detail.¶
• Disclosee verifies Disclosure using decomposed schema and adherence of disclosed data to Offer.¶

Disclosee may now engage in permissioned use and carries liability as a deterrent against unpermissioned use.¶

6.1. Compact Public ACDC

A fully compact public ACDC is shown below.¶

{
  "v":  "ACDC10JSON00011c_",
  "d":  "EBdXt3gIXOf2BBWNHdSXCJnFJL5OuQPyM5K0neuniccM",
  "i":  "did:keri:EmkPreYpZfFk66jpf3uFv7vklXKhzBrAqjsKAn2EDIPM",
  "ri": "did:keri:EymRy7xMwsxUelUauaXtMxTfPAMPAI6FkekwlOjkggt",
  "s":  "E46jrVPTzlSkUPqGGeIZ8a8FWS7a6s4reAXRZOkogZ2A",
  "a":  "EgveY4-9XgOcLxUderzwLIr9Bf7V_NHwY1lkFrn9y2PY",
  "e":  "ERH3dCdoFOLe71iheqcywJcnjtJtQIYPvAu6DZIl3MOA",
  "r":  "Ee71iheqcywJcnjtJtQIYPvAu6DZIl3MORH3dCdoFOLB"
}

6.2. Compact Private ACDC

A fully compact private ACDC is shown below.¶

{
  "v":  "ACDC10JSON00011c_",
  "d":  "EBdXt3gIXOf2BBWNHdSXCJnFJL5OuQPyM5K0neuniccM",
  "u":  "0ANghkDaG7OY1wjaDAE0qHcg",
  "i":  "did:keri:EmkPreYpZfFk66jpf3uFv7vklXKhzBrAqjsKAn2EDIPM",
  "ri": "did:keri:EymRy7xMwsxUelUauaXtMxTfPAMPAI6FkekwlOjkggt",
  "s":  "E46jrVPTzlSkUPqGGeIZ8a8FWS7a6s4reAXRZOkogZ2A",
  "a":  "EgveY4-9XgOcLxUderzwLIr9Bf7V_NHwY1lkFrn9y2PY",
  "e":  "ERH3dCdoFOLe71iheqcywJcnjtJtQIYPvAu6DZIl3MOA",
  "r":  "Ee71iheqcywJcnjtJtQIYPvAu6DZIl3MORH3dCdoFOLB"
}

{
  "$id": "EBdXt3gIXOf2BBWNHdSXCJnFJL5OuQPyM5K0neuniccM",
  "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
  "title": "Compact Private ACDC",
  "description": "Example JSON Schema for a Compact Private ACDC.",
  "credentialType": "CompactPrivateACDCExample",
  "type": "object",
  "required":
  [
    "v",
    "d",
    "u",
    "i",
    "ri",
    "s",
    "a",
    "e",
    "r"
  ],
  "properties":
  {
    "v":
    {
      "description": "ACDC version string",
      "type": "string"
    },
    "d":
    {
     "description": "ACDC SAID",
      "type": "string"
    },
    "u":
    {
     "description": "ACDC UUID",
      "type": "string"
    },
    "i":
    {
      "description": "Issuer AID",
      "type": "string"
    },
    "ri":
    {
      "description": "credential status registry AID",
      "type": "string"
    },
    "s": {
      "description": "schema SAID",
      "type": "string"
    },
    "a": {
      "description": "attribute SAID",
      "type": "string"
    },
    "e": {
      "description": "edge SAID",
      "type": "string"
    },
    "r": {
      "description": "rule SAID",
      "type": "string"
    },
  },
  "additionalProperties": false
}

7.1. Public-Attribute ACDC

Suppose that the un-compacted value of the attribute section as denoted by the attribute section, a, field is as follows,¶

{
  "a":
  {
    "d": "EgveY4-9XgOcLxUderzwLIr9Bf7V_NHwY1lkFrn9y2PY",
    "i": "did:keri:EpZfFk66jpf3uFv7vklXKhzBrAqjsKAn2EDIPmkPreYA",
    "score": 96,
    "name": "Jane Doe"
  }
}

The SAID, d, field at the top level of the uncompacted attribute block is the same SAID used as the compacted value of the attribute section, a, field.¶

Given the absence of a u field at the top level of the attributes block, then knowledge of both SAID, d, field at the top level of an attributes block and the schema of the attributes block may enable the discovery of the remaining contents of the attributes block via a rainbow table attack [RB][DRB]. Therefore the SAID, d, field of the attributes block, although, a cryptographic digest, does not securely blind the contents of the attributes block given knowledge of the schema. It only provides compactness, not privacy. Moreover, any cryptographic commitment to that SAID, d, field provides a fixed point of correlation potentially to the attribute block field values themselves in spite of non-disclosure of those field values via a compact ACDC. Thus an ACDC without a UUID, u, field in its attributes block must be considered a public-attribute ACDC even when expressed in compact form.¶

7.2. Public Uncompacted Attribute Section Schema

The subschema for the public uncompacted attribute section is shown below,¶

{
  "a":
  {
    "description": "attribute section",
    "type": "object",
    "required":
    [
      "d",
      "i",
      "score",
      "name"
    ],
    "properties":
    {
      "d":
      {
        "description": "attribute SAID",
        "type": "string"
      },
      "i":
      {
        "description": "Issuee AID",
        "type": "string"
      },
      "score":
      {
        "description": "test score",
        "type": "integer"
      },
      "name":
      {
        "description": "test taker full name",
        "type": "string"
      }
    },
    "additionalProperties": false
  }
}

7.3. Composed Schema for both Public Compact and Uncompacted Attribute Section Variants

Through the use of the JSON Schema oneOf composition operator the following composed schema will validate against both the compact and un-compacted value of the attribute section field.¶

{
  "a":
  {
    "description": "attribute section",
    "oneOf":
    [
      {
        "description": "attribute SAID",
        "type": "string"
      },
      {
        "description": "uncompacted attribute section",
        "type": "object",
        "required":
        [
          "d",
          "i",
          "score",
          "name"
        ],
        "properties":
        {
          "d":
          {
            "description": "attribute SAID",
            "type": "string"
          },
          "i":
          {
            "description": "Issuee AID",
            "type": "string"
          },
          "score":
          {
            "description": "test score",
            "type": "integer"
          },
          "name":
          {
            "description": "test taker full name",
            "type": "string"
          }
        },
        "additionalProperties": false
      }
    ]
  }
}

7.4. Private-Attribute ACDC

Consider the following form of an uncompacted private-attribute block,¶

{
  "a":
  {
    "d": "EgveY4-9XgOcLxUderzwLIr9Bf7V_NHwY1lkFrn9y2PY",
    "u": "0AwjaDAE0qHcgNghkDaG7OY1",
    "i": "did:keri:EpZfFk66jpf3uFv7vklXKhzBrAqjsKAn2EDIPmkPreYA",
    "score": 96,
    "name": "Jane Doe"
  }
}

Given the presence of a top-level UUID, u, field of the attribute block whose value has sufficient cryptographic entropy, then the top-level SAID, d, field of the attribute block provides a secure cryptographic digest of the contents of the attribute block [Hash]. An adversary when given both the schema of the attribute block and its SAID, d, field, is not able to discover the remaining contents of the attribute block in a computationally feasible manner such as a rainbow table attack [RB][DRB]. Therefore the attribute block's UUID, u, field in a compact ACDC enables its attribute block's SAID, d, field to securely blind the contents of the attribute block notwithstanding knowledge of the attribute block's schema and SAID, d field. Moreover, a cryptographic commitment to that attribute block's, SAID, d, field does not provide a fixed point of correlation to the attribute field values themselves unless and until there has been a disclosure of those field values.¶

To elaborate, when an ACDC includes a sufficiently high entropy UUID, u, field at the top level of its attributes block then the ACDC may be considered a private-attributes ACDC when expressed in compact form, that is, the attribute block is represented by its SAID, d, field and the value of its top-level attribute section, a, field is the value of the nested SAID, d, field from the uncompacted version of the attribute block. A verifiable commitment may be made to the compact form of the ACDC without leaking details of the attributes. Later disclosure of the uncompacted attribute block may be verified against its SAID, d, field that was provided in the compact form as the value of the top-level attribute section, a, field.¶

Because the Issuee AID is nested in the attribute block as that block's top-level, issuee, i, field, a presentation exchange (disclosure) could be initiated on behalf of a different AID that has not yet been correlated to the Issuee AID and then only correlated to the Issuee AID after the Disclosee has agreed to the chain-link confidentiality provisions in the rules section of the private-attributes ACDC [CLC].¶

{
  "a":
  {
    "description": "attribute section",
    "oneOf":
    [
      {
        "description": "attribute SAID",
        "type": "string"
      },
      {
        "description": "uncompacted attribute section",
        "type": "object",
        "required":
        [
          "d",
          "u",
          "i",
          "score",
          "name"
        ],
        "properties":
        {
          "d":
          {
            "description": "attribute SAID",
            "type": "string"
          },
          "u":
          {
            "description": "attribute UUID",
            "type": "string"
          },
          "i":
          {
            "description": "Issuee AID",
            "type": "string"
          },
          "score":
          {
            "description": "test score",
            "type": "integer"
          },
          "name":
          {
            "description": "test taker full name",
            "type": "string"
          }
        },
        "additionalProperties": false,
      }
    ]
  }
}

7.5. Untargeted ACDC

Consider the case where the issuee, i, field is absent at the top level of the attribute block as shown below,¶

{
  "a":
  {
    "d": "EgveY4-9XgOcLxUderzwLIr9Bf7V_NHwY1lkFrn9y2PY",
    "temp": 45,
    "lat": "N40.3433",
    "lon": "W111.7208"
  }
}

This ACDC has an Issuer but no Issuee. Therefore, there is no provably controllable Target AID. This may be thought of as an undirected verifiable attestation or observation of the data in the attributes block by the Issuer. One could say that the attestation is addressed to "whom it may concern". It is therefore an untargeted ACDC, or equivalently an unissueed ACDC. An untargeted ACDC enables verifiable authorship by the Issuer of the data in the attributes block but there is no specified counter-party and no verifiable mechanism for delegation of authority. Consequently, the rule section may only provide contractual obligations of implied counter-parties.¶

This form of an ACDC provides a container for authentic data only (not authentic data as authorization). But authentic data is still a very important use case. To clarify, an untargeted ACDC enables verifiable authorship of data. An observer such as a sensor that controls an AID may make verifiable non-repudiable measurements and publish them as ACDCs. These may be chained together to provide provenance for or a chain-of-custody of any data. These ACDCs could be used to provide a verifiable data supply chain for any compliance-regulated application. This provides a way to protect participants in a supply chain from imposters. Such data supply chains are also useful as a verifiable digital twin of a physical supply chain [Twin].¶

A hybrid chain of one or more targeted ACDCs ending in a chain of one or more untargeted ACDCs enables delegated authorized attestations at the tail of that chain. This may be very useful in many regulated supply chain applications such as verifiable authorized authentic datasheets for a given pharmaceutical.¶

7.6. Targeted ACDC

When present at the top level of the attribute section, the issuee, i, field value provides the AID of the Issuee of the ACDC. This Issuee AID is a provably controllable identifier that serves as the Target AID. This makes the ACDC a targeted ACDC or equivalently an issueed ACDC. Targeted ACDCs may be used for many different purposes such as an authorization or a delegation directed at the Issuee AID, i.e. the Target. In other words, a targeted ACDC provides a container for authentic data that may also be used as some form of authorization such as a credential that is verifiably bound to the Issuee as targeted by the Issuer. Furthermore, by virtue of the targeted Issuee's provable control over its AID, the targeted ACDC may be verifiably presented (disclosed) by the controller of the Issuee AID.¶

For example, the definition of the term credential is evidence of authority, status, rights, entitlement to privileges, or the like. To elaborate, the presence of an attribute section top-level issuee, i, field enables the ACDC to be used as a verifiable credential given by the Issuer to the Issuee.¶

One reason the issuee, i, field is nested into the attribute section, a, block is to enable the Issuee AID to be private or partially or selectively disclosable. The Issuee may also be called the Holder or Subject of the ACDC. But here we use the more semantically precise albeit less common terms of Issuer and Issuee. The ACDC is issued from or by an Issuer and is issued to or for an Issuee. This precise terminology does not bias or color the role (function) that an Issuee plays in the use of an ACDC. What the presence of Issuee AID does provide is a mechanism for control of the subsequent use of the ACDC once it has been issued. To elaborate, because the issuee, i, field value is an AID, by definition, there is a provable controller of that AID. Therefore that Issuee controller may make non-repudiable commitments via digital signatures on behalf of its AID. Therefore subsequent use of the ACDC by the Issuee may be securely attributed to the Issuee.¶

Importantly the presence of an issuee, i, field enables the associated Issuee to make authoritative verifiable presentations or disclosures of the ACDC. A designated Issueealso better enables the initiation of presentation exchanges of the ACDC between that Issuee as Discloser and a Disclosee (verifier).¶

In addition, because the Issuee is a specified counter-party the Issuer may engage in a contract with the Issuee that the Issuee agrees to by virtue of its non-repudiable signature on an offer of the ACDC prior to its issuance. This agreement may be a pre-condition to the issuance and thereby impose liability waivers or other terms of use on that Issuee.¶

Likewise, the presence of an issuee, i, field, enables the Issuer to use the ACDC as a contractual vehicle for conveying an authorization to the Issuee. This enables verifiable delegation chains of authority because the Issuee in one ACDC may become the Issuer in some other ACDC. Thereby an Issuer may delegate authority to an Issuee who may then become a verifiably authorized Issuer that then delegates that authority (or an attenuation of that authority) to some other verifiably authorized Issuee and so forth.¶

8.1. Edge Sub-block Reserved Fields

A main distinguishing feature of a property graph (PG) is that both nodes and edges may have a set of properties [PGM][Dots][KG]. These might include modifiers that influence how the connected node is to be combined or place a constraint on the allowed type(s) of connected nodes.¶

There several reserved field labels for edge sub-blocks. These are detailed in the table below. are the node, n, SAID, d, schema, s, weight, w, and operator, o, field labels. Each edge sub-block may have other non-reserved field labels as needed for a particular edge type.¶

The node, n, field is required. The SAID, d, UUID, u, schema, s, operator, o, and weight, w, fields are optional. To clarify, each edge sub-block MUST have a node, n, field and MAY have any combination of SAID, d, UUID, u, schema, s, operator, o, or weight, w, fields.¶

{
  "e":
  {
    "d": "EerzwLIr9Bf7V_NHwY1lkFrn9y2PgveY4-9XgOcLxUdY",
    "boss":
    {
      "d": "E2PgveY4-9XgOcLxUdYerzwLIr9Bf7V_NHwY1lkFrn9y",
      "n": "EIl3MORH3dCdoFOLe71iheqcywJcnjtJtQIYPvAu6DZA",
      "s": "ELIr9Bf7V_NHwY1lkFrn9y2PgveY4-9XgOcLxUdYerzw"
    }
  }
}

8.2. Globally Distributed Secure Graph Fragments

Abstractly, an ACDC with one or more edges may be a fragment of a distributed property graph. However, the local label does not enable the direct unique global resolution of a given edge including its properties other than a trivial edge with only one property, its node, n field. To enable an edge with additional properties to be globally uniquely resolvable, that edge's block MUST have a SAID, d, field. Because a SAID is a cryptographic digest it will universally and uniquely identify an edge with a given set of properties [Hash]. This allows ACDCs to be used as secure fragments of a globally distributed property graph (PG). This enables a property graph to serve as a global knowledge graph in a secure manner that crosses trust domains [PGM][Dots][KG]. This is shown below.¶

{
  "e":
  {
    "d": "EerzwLIr9Bf7V_NHwY1lkFrn9y2PgveY4-9XgOcLxUdY",
    "boss":
    {
      "d": "E9y2PgveY4-9XgOcLxUdYerzwLIr9Bf7V_NHwY1lkFrn",
      "n": "EIl3MORH3dCdoFOLe71iheqcywJcnjtJtQIYPvAu6DZA",
      "w": "high"
    }
  }
}

8.3. Compact Edge

Given that an individual edge's property block includes a SAID, d, field then a compact representation of the edge's property block is provided by replacing it with its SAID. This may be useful for complex edges with many properties. This is called a compact edge. This is shown as follows,¶

{
  "e":
  {
    "d": "EerzwLIr9Bf7V_NHwY1lkFrn9y2PgveY4-9XgOcLxUdY",
    "boss": "E9y2PgveY4-9XgOcLxUdYerzwLIr9Bf7V_NHwY1lkFrn",
  }
}

8.4. Private Edge

Each edge's properties may be blinded by its SAID, d, field (i.e. be private) if its properties block includes a UUID, u field. As with UUID, u, fields used elsewhere in ACDC, if the UUID, u, field value has sufficient entropy then the values of the properties of its enclosing block are not discoverable in a computationally feasible manner merely given the schema for the edge block and its SAID, d field. This is called a private edge. When a private edge is provided in compact form then the edge detail is hidden and is partially disclosable. An uncompacted private edge is shown below.¶

{
  "e":
  {
    "d": "EerzwLIr9Bf7V_NHwY1lkFrn9y2PgveY4-9XgOcLxUdY",
    "boss":
    {
      "d": "E9y2PgveY4-9XgOcLxUdYerzwLIr9Bf7V_NHwY1lkFrn",
      "u":  "0AG7OY1wjaDAE0qHcgNghkDa",
      "n": "EIl3MORH3dCdoFOLe71iheqcywJcnjtJtQIYPvAu6DZA",
      "w": "high"
    }
  }
}

When an edge points to a private ACDC, a Discloser may choose to use a metadata version of that private ACDC when presenting the node, n, field of that edge prior to acceptance of the terms of disclosure. The Disclosee can verify the metadata of the private node without the Discloser exposing the actual node contents via the actual node SAID or other attributes.¶

Private ACDCs (nodes) and private edges may be used in combination to prevent an un-permissioned correlation of the distributed property graph.¶

8.5. Simple Compact Edge

When an edge sub-block has only one field that is its node, n, field then the edge block may use an alternate simplified compact form where the labeled edge field value is the value of its node, n, field. The schema for that particular edge label, in this case, "boss", will indicate that the edge value is a node SAID and not the edge sub-block SAID as would be the case for the normal compact form shown above. This alternate compact form is shown below.¶

{
  "e":
  {
    "d": "EerzwLIr9Bf7V_NHwY1lkFrn9y2PgveY4-9XgOcLxUdY",
    "boss": "EIl3MORH3dCdoFOLe71iheqcywJcnjtJtQIYPvAu6DZA"
  }
}

8.6. Operations on Edges and Edge-Groups

When the top-level edge section, e, field includes more than one edge there is a need or opportunity to define the logic for evaluating those edges with respect to validating the ACDC itself with respect to the validity of the other ACDCs it is connected two. More than one edge creates a provenance tree not simply a provenance chain. The obvious default for a chain is that all links in the chain must be valid in order for the chain itself to be valid, or more precisely for the tail of the chain to be valid. If any links between the head and the tail are broken (invalid) then the tail is not valid. This default logic may not be so useful in all cases when a given ACDC is the tail of multiple parallel chains (i.e. a branching node in a tree of chains). Therefore provided herein is the syntax for exactly specifying the operations to perform on each edge and groups of edges in its edge section.¶

{
  "e":
  {
    "d": "EerzwLIr9Bf7V_NHwY1lkFrn9y2PgveY4-9XgOcLxUdY",
    "boss":
    {
      "n": "EIl3MORH3dCdoFOLe71iheqcywJcnjtJtQIYPvAu6DZA",
      "w": "high"
    }
  }
}

{
  "e":
  {
    "d": "EerzwLIr9Bf7V_NHwY1lkFrn9y2PgveY4-9XgOcLx,UdY",
    "boss":
    {
      "n": "EIl3MORH3dCdoFOLe71iheqcywJcnjtJtQIYPvAu6DZA",
      "power": "high"
    },
   "baby":
    {
      "n": "EORH3dCdoFOLe71iheqcywJcnjtJtQIYPvAu6DZAIl3A",
      "power": "low"
    }
  }
}

{
  "e":
  {
    "d": "EerzwLIr9Bf7V_NHwY1lkFrn9y2PgveY4-9XgOcLx,UdY",
    "o": "AND",
    "boss":
    {
      "n": "EIl3MORH3dCdoFOLe71iheqcywJcnjtJtQIYPvAu6DZA",
      "power": "high"
    },
   "baby":
    {
      "n": "EORH3dCdoFOLe71iheqcywJcnjtJtQIYPvAu6DZAIl3A",
      "o": "NOT",
      "power": "low"
    }
  }
}

{
  "e":
  {
    "d": "EerzwLIr9Bf7V_NHwY1lkFrn9y2PgveY4-9XgOcLx,UdY",
    "o": "AND",
    "boss":
    {
      "n": "EIl3MORH3dCdoFOLe71iheqcywJcnjtJtQIYPvAu6DZA",
       "power": "high"
    },
    "baby":
    {
      "n": "EORH3dCdoFOLe71iheqcywJcnjtJtQIYPvAu6DZAIl3A",
      "o": "I2I",
      "power": "low"
    }
  }
}

{
  "e":
  {
    "d": "EerzwLIr9Bf7V_NHwY1lkFrn9y2PgveY4-9XgOcLx,UdY",
    "o": "OR",
    "boss":
    {
      "n": "EIl3MORH3dCdoFOLe71iheqcywJcnjtJtQIYPvAu6DZA",
      "o": "NI2I",
      "power": "high"
    },
    "baby":
    {
      "n": "EORH3dCdoFOLe71iheqcywJcnjtJtQIYPvAu6DZAIl3A",
      "o": "I2I",
      "power": "low"
    }
  }
}

{
  "e":
  {
    "d": "EerzwLIr9Bf7V_NHwY1lkFrn9y2PgveY4-9XgOcLx,UdY",
    "o": "AND",
    "boss":
    {
      "n": "EIl3MORH3dCdoFOLe71iheqcywJcnjtJtQIYPvAu6DZA",
      "o": ["NI2I", "NOT"],
      "power": "high"
    },
    "baby":
    {
      "n": "EORH3dCdoFOLe71iheqcywJcnjtJtQIYPvAu6DZAIl3A",
      "o": "I2I",
      "power": "low"
    },
    "food":
    {
      "o": "OR",
      "power": "med",
      "plum":
      {
        "n": "EQIYPvAu6DZAIl3AORH3dCdoFOLe71iheqcywJcnjtJt",
        "o": "NI2I"
      },
      "pear":
      {
        "n": "EJtQIYPvAu6DZAIl3AORH3dCdoFOLe71iheqcywJcnjt",
        "o": "NI2I"
      }
    }
  }
}

{
  "e":
  {
    "d": "EerzwLIr9Bf7V_NHwY1lkFrn9y2PgveY4-9XgOcLx,UdY",
    "qvi":
    {
      "n": "EIl3MORH3dCdoFOLe71iheqcywJcnjtJtQIYPvAu6DZA"
    }
    "le":
    {
      "n": "EORH3dCdoFOLe71iheqcywJcnjtJtQIYPvAu6DZAIl3A",
      "o": "NI2I",
    }
  }
}

8.7. Node Discovery

In general, the discovery of the details of an ACDC referenced as a node, n field value, in an edge sub-block begins with the node SAID or the SAID of the associated edge sub-block. Because a SAID is a cryptographic digest with high collision resistance it provides a universally unique identifier to the referenced ACDC as a node. The Discovery of a service endpoint URL that provides database access to a copy of the ACDC may be bootstrapped via an OOBI (Out-Of-Band-Introduction) that links the service endpoint URL to the SAID of the ACDC [OOBI_ID]. Alternatively, the Issuer may provide as an attachment at the time of issuance a copy of the referenced ACDC. In either case, after a successful exchange, the Issuee or recipient of any ACDC will have either a copy or a means of obtaining a copy of any referenced ACDCs as nodes in the edge sections of all ACDCs so chained. That Issuee or recipient will then have everything it needs to make a successful disclosure to some other Disclosee. This is the essence of percolated discovery.¶

9.1. Compact Clauses

The use of clause SAIDS enables a compact form of a set of clauses where each clause value is the SAID of the corresponding clause. For example,¶

{
  "r":
  {
    "d": "EwY1lkFrn9y2PgveY4-9XgOcLxUdYerzwLIr9Bf7V_NA",
    "warrantyDisclaimer":  "EXgOcLxUdYerzwLIr9Bf7V_NAwY1lkFrn9y2PgveY4-9",
    "liabilityDisclaimer": "EY1lkFrn9y2PgveY4-9XgOcLxUdYerzwLIr9Bf7V_NAw"
  }
}

9.2. Private Clause

The disclosure of some clauses may be pre-conditioned on acceptance of chain-link confidentiality. In this case, some clauses may benefit from partial disclosure. Thus clauses may be blinded by their SAID, d, field when the clause block includes a sufficiently high entropy UUID, u, field. The use of a clause UUID enables the compact form of a clause to NOT be discoverable merely from the schema for the clause and its SAID via rainbow table attack [RB][DRB]. Therefore such a clause may be partially disclosable. These are called private clauses. A private clause example is shown below.¶

{
  "r":
  {
    "d": "EwY1lkFrn9y2PgveY4-9XgOcLxUdYerzwLIr9Bf7V_NA",
    "warrantyDisclaimer":
    {
      "d": "EXgOcLxUdYerzwLIr9Bf7V_NAwY1lkFrn9y2PgveY4-9",
      "u": "0AG7OY1wjaDAE0qHcgNghkDa",
      "l": "Issuer provides this credential on an \"AS IS\" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied, including, without limitation, any warranties or conditions of TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE"
    },
    "liabilityDisclaimer":
    {
      "d": "EY1lkFrn9y2PgveY4-9XgOcLxUdYerzwLIr9Bf7V_NAw",
      "u": "0AHcgNghkDaG7OY1wjaDAE0q",
      "l": "In no event and under no legal theory, whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise, unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall the Issuer be liable for damages, including any direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a result of this credential. "
    }
  }
}

9.3. Simple Compact Clause

An alternate simplified compact form uses the value of the legal, l, field as the value of the clause field label. The schema for a specific clause label will indicate that the field value, for a given clause label is the legal language itself and not the clause block's SAID, d, field as is the normal compact form shown above. This alternate simple compact form is shown below. In this form individual clauses are not compactifiable and are fully self-contained.¶

{
  "r":
  {
    "d": "EwY1lkFrn9y2PgveY4-9XgOcLxUdYerzwLIr9Bf7V_NA",
    "warrantyDisclaimer": "Issuer provides this credential on an \"AS IS\" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied, including, without limitation, any warranties or conditions of TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE",
    "liabilityDisclaimer": "In no event and under no legal theory, whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise, unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall the Issuer be liable for damages, including any direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a result of this credential. "
  }
}

9.4. Clause Discovery

In compact form, the discovery of either the rule section as a whole or a given clause begins with the provided SAID. Because the SAID, d, field of any block is a cryptographic digest with high collision resistance it provides a universally unique identifier to the referenced block details (whole rule section or individual clause). The discovery of a service endpoint URL that provides database access to a copy of the rule section or to any of its clauses may be bootstrapped via an OOBI (Out-Of-Band-Introduction) that links the service endpoint URL to the SAID of the respective block [OOBI_ID]. Alternatively, the issuer may provide as an attachment at issuance a copy of the referenced contract associated with the whole rule section or any clause. In either case, after a successful issuance exchange, the Issuee or holder of any ACDC will have either a copy or a means of obtaining a copy of any referenced contracts in whole or in part of all ACDCs so issued. That Issuee or recipient will then have everything it needs to subsequently make a successful presentation or disclosure to a Disclosee. This is the essence of percolated discovery.¶

10.1. Example Bespoke Issued ACDC

Consider the following disclosure-specific ACDC. The Issuer is the Discloser, the Issuee is the Disclosee. The rule section includes a context-specific (anti) assimilation clause that limits the use of the information to a single one-time usage purpose, that is in this case, admittance to a restaurant. The ACDC includes an edge that references some other ACDC that may for example be a coupon or gift card. The attribute section includes the date and place of admittance.¶

{
  "v":  "ACDC10JSON00011c_",
  "d":  "EBdXt3gIXOf2BBWNHdSXCJnFJL5OuQPyM5K0neuniccM",
  "i":  "did:keri:EmkPreYpZfFk66jpf3uFv7vklXKhzBrAqjsKAn2EDIPM",
  "s":  "EGGeIZ8a8FWS7a646jrVPTzlSkUPqs4reAXRZOkogZ2A",
  "a":
  {
    "d": "EgveY4-9XgOcLxUderzwLIr9Bf7V_NHwY1lkFrn9y2PY",
    "i": "did:keri:EpZfFk66jpf3uFv7vklXKhzBrAqjsKAn2EDIPmkPreYA",
    "date": "2022-08-22T17:50:09.988921+00:00",
    "place": "GoodFood Restaurant, 953 East Sheridan Ave, Cody WY 82414 USA"
  },
  "e":
  {
    "d": "EerzwLIr9Bf7V_NHwY1lkFrn9y2PgveY4-9XgOcLxUdY",
    "other":
    {
      "d": "E9y2PgveY4-9XgOcLxUdYerzwLIr9Bf7V_NHwY1lkFrn",
      "n": "EIl3MORH3dCdoFOLe71iheqcywJcnjtJtQIYPvAu6DZA",
    }
  },
  "r":
  {
    "d": "EwY1lkFrn9y2PgveY4-9XgOcLxUdYerzwLIr9Bf7V_NA",
    "Assimilation":
    {
      "d": "EXgOcLxUdYerzwLIr9Bf7V_NAwY1lkFrn9y2PgveY4-9",
      "l": "Issuee hereby explicitly and unambiguously agrees to NOT assimilate, aggregate, correlate, or otherwise use in combination with other information available to the Issuee, the information, in whole or in part, referenced by this container or any containers recursively referenced by the edge section, for any purpose other than that expressly permitted by the Purpose clause."
    },
    "Purpose":
    {
      "d": "EY1lkFrn9y2PgveY4-9XgOcLxUdYerzwLIr9Bf7V_NAw",
      "l": "One-time admittance of Issuer by Issuee to eat at place on date as specified in attribute section."
    }
  }
}

11.1. Public ACDC with Compact and Uncompated Variants

### Public Compact Variant¶

{
  "v":  "ACDC10JSON00011c_",
  "d":  "EBdXt3gIXOf2BBWNHdSXCJnFJL5OuQPyM5K0neuniccM",
  "i":  "did:keri:EmkPreYpZfFk66jpf3uFv7vklXKhzBrAqjsKAn2EDIPM",
  "ri": "did:keri:EymRy7xMwsxUelUauaXtMxTfPAMPAI6FkekwlOjkggt",
  "s":  "E46jrVPTzlSkUPqGGeIZ8a8FWS7a6s4reAXRZOkogZ2A",
  "a":  "EgveY4-9XgOcLxUderzwLIr9Bf7V_NHwY1lkFrn9y2PY",
  "e":  "ERH3dCdoFOLe71iheqcywJcnjtJtQIYPvAu6DZIl3MOA",
  "r":  "Ee71iheqcywJcnjtJtQIYPvAu6DZIl3MORH3dCdoFOLB"
}

{
  "v":  "ACDC10JSON00011c_",
  "d":  "EBdXt3gIXOf2BBWNHdSXCJnFJL5OuQPyM5K0neuniccM",
  "i":  "did:keri:EmkPreYpZfFk66jpf3uFv7vklXKhzBrAqjsKAn2EDIPM",
  "ri": "did:keri:EymRy7xMwsxUelUauaXtMxTfPAMPAI6FkekwlOjkggt",
  "s":  "E46jrVPTzlSkUPqGGeIZ8a8FWS7a6s4reAXRZOkogZ2A",
  "a":
  {
    "d": "EgveY4-9XgOcLxUderzwLIr9Bf7V_NHwY1lkFrn9y2PY",
    "i": "did:keri:EpZfFk66jpf3uFv7vklXKhzBrAqjsKAn2EDIPmkPreYA",
    "score": 96,
    "name": "Jane Doe"
  },
  "e":
  {
    "d": "EerzwLIr9Bf7V_NHwY1lkFrn9y2PgveY4-9XgOcLxUdY",
    "boss":
    {
      "d": "E9y2PgveY4-9XgOcLxUdYerzwLIr9Bf7V_NHwY1lkFrn",
      "n": "EIl3MORH3dCdoFOLe71iheqcywJcnjtJtQIYPvAu6DZA",
      "s": "EiheqcywJcnjtJtQIYPvAu6DZAIl3MORH3dCdoFOLe71",
      "w": "high"
    }
  },
  "r":
  {
    "d": "EwY1lkFrn9y2PgveY4-9XgOcLxUdYerzwLIr9Bf7V_NA",
    "warrantyDisclaimer":
    {
      "d": "EXgOcLxUdYerzwLIr9Bf7V_NAwY1lkFrn9y2PgveY4-9",
      "l": "Issuer provides this credential on an \"AS IS\" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied, including, without limitation, any warranties or conditions of TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE"
    },
    "liabilityDisclaimer":
    {
      "d": "EY1lkFrn9y2PgveY4-9XgOcLxUdYerzwLIr9Bf7V_NAw",
      "l": "In no event and under no legal theory, whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise, unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall the Issuer be liable for damages, including any direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a result of this credential. "
    }
  }
}

{
  "$id": "E46jrVPTzlSkUPqGGeIZ8a8FWS7a6s4reAXRZOkogZ2A",
  "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
  "title": "Public ACDC",
  "description": "Example JSON Schema Public ACDC.",
  "credentialType": "PublicACDCExample",
  "type": "object",
   "required":
  [
    "v",
    "d",
    "i",
    "ri",
    "s",
    "a",
    "e",
    "r"
  ],
  "properties":
  {
    "v":
    {
      "description": "ACDC version string",
      "type": "string"
    },
    "d":
    {
     "description": "ACDC SAID",
      "type": "string"
    },
    "i":
    {
      "description": "Issuer AID",
      "type": "string"
    },
    "ri":
    {
      "description": "credential status registry AID",
      "type": "string"
    },
    "s":
    {
      "description": "schema section",
      "oneOf":
      [
        {
          "description": "schema section SAID",
          "type": "string"
        },
        {
          "description": "schema detail",
          "type": "object"
        },
      ]
    },
    "a":
    {
      "description": "attribute section",
      "oneOf":
      [
        {
          "description": "attribute section SAID",
          "type": "string"
        },
        {
          "description": "attribute detail",
          "type": "object",
          "required":
          [
            "d",
            "i",
            "score",
            "name"
          ],
          "properties":
          {
            "d":
            {
              "description": "attribute section SAID",
              "type": "string"
            },
            "i":
            {
              "description": "Issuee AID",
              "type": "string"
            },
            "score":
            {
              "description": "test score",
              "type": "integer"
            },
            "name":
            {
              "description": "test taker full name",
              "type": "string"
            }
          },
          "additionalProperties": false,
        }
      ]
    },
    "e":
    {
      "description": "edge section",
      "oneOf":
      [
        {
          "description": "edge section SAID",
          "type": "string"
        },
        {
          "description": "edge detail",
          "type": "object",
          "required":
          [
            "d",
            "boss"
          ],
          "properties":
          {
            "d":
            {
              "description": "edge section SAID",
              "type": "string"
            },
            "boss":
            {
              "description": "boss edge",
              "type": "object",
              "required":
              [
                "d",
                "n",
                's',
                "w"
              ],
              "properties":
              {
                "d":
                {
                  "description": "edge SAID",
                  "type": "string"
                },
                "n":
                {
                  "description": "far node SAID",
                  "type": "string"
                },
                "s":
                {
                  "description": "far node schema SAID",
                  "type": "string",
                  "const": ""EiheqcywJcnjtJtQIYPvAu6DZAIl3MORH3dCdoFOLe71"
                },
                "w":
                {
                  "description": "edge weight",
                  "type": "string"
              },
              "additionalProperties": false
            },
          },
          "additionalProperties": false
        }
      ]
    },
    "r":
    {
      "description": "rule section",
      "oneOf":
      [
        {
          "description": "rule section SAID",
          "type": "string"
        },
        {
          "description": "rule detail",
          "type": "object",
          "required":
          [
            "d",
            "warrantyDisclaimer",
            "liabilityDisclaimer"
          ],
          "properties":
          {
            "d":
            {
              "description": "edge section SAID",
              "type": "string"
            },
            "warrantyDisclaimer":
            {
              "description": "warranty disclaimer clause",
              "type": "object",
              "required":
              [
                "d",
                "l"
              ],
              "properties":
              {
                "d":
                {
                  "description": "clause SAID",
                  "type": "string"
                },
                "l":
                {
                  "description": "legal language",
                  "type": "string"
                }
              },
              "additionalProperties": false
            },
            "liabilityDisclaimer":
            {
              "description": "liability disclaimer clause",
              "type": "object",
              "required":
              [
                "d",
                "l"
              ],
              "properties":
              {
                "d":
                {
                  "description": "clause SAID",
                  "type": "string"
                },
                "l":
                {
                  "description": "legal language",
                  "type": "string"
                }
              },
              "additionalProperties": false
            }
          },
          "additionalProperties": false
        }
      ]
    }
  },
  "additionalProperties": false
}

12.1. Selectively Disclosable Attribute ACDC

In a selectively disclosable attribute ACDC, the set of attributes is provided as an array of blinded blocks. Each attribute in the set has its own dedicated blinded block. Each block has its own SAID, d, field and UUID, u, field in addition to its attribute field or fields. When an attribute block has more than one attribute field then the set of fields in that block are not independently selectively disclosable but MUST be disclosed together as a set. Notable is that the field labels of the selectively disclosable attributes are also blinded because they only appear within the blinded block. This prevents un-permissioned correlation via contextualized variants of a field label that appear in a selectively disclosable block. For example, localized or internationalized variants where each variant's field label(s) each use a different language or some other context correlatable information in the field labels themselves.¶

A selectively-disclosable attribute section appears at the top level using the field label A. This is distinct from the field label a for a non-selectively-disclosable attribute section. This makes clear (unambiguous) the semantics of the attribute section's associated schema. This also clearly reflects the fact that the value of a compact variant of selectively-disclosable attribute section is an "aggregate" not a SAID. As described previously, the top-level selectively-disclosable attribute aggregate section, A, field value is an aggregate of cryptographic commitments used to make a commitment to a set (bundle) of selectively-disclosable attributes. The derivation of its value depends on the type of selective disclosure mechanism employed. For example, the aggregate value could be the cryptographic digest of the concatenation of an ordered set of cryptographic digests, a Merkle tree root digest of an ordered set of cryptographic digests, or a cryptographic accumulator.¶

The Issuer attribute block is absent from an uncompacted untargeted selectively disclosable ACDC as follows:¶

{
  "A":
  [
    {
      "d": "ELIr9Bf7V_NHwY1lkgveY4-Frn9y2PY9XgOcLxUderzw",
      "u": "0AG7OY1wjaDAE0qHcgNghkDa",
      "score": 96
    },
    {
      "d": "E9XgOcLxUderzwLIr9Bf7V_NHwY1lkFrn9y2PYgveY4-",
      "u": "0AghkDaG7OY1wjaDAE0qHcgN",
      "name": "Jane Doe"
    }
  ]
}

The Issuer attribute block is present in an uncompacted untargeted selectively disclosable ACDC as follows:¶

{
  "A":
  [
    {
      "d": "ErzwLIr9Bf7V_NHwY1lkFrn9y2PYgveY4-9XgOcLxUde",
      "u": "0AqHcgNghkDaG7OY1wjaDAE0",
      "i": "did:keri:EpZfFk66jpf3uFv7vklXKhzBrAqjsKAn2EDIPmkPreYA"
    },
    {
      "d": "ELIr9Bf7V_NHwY1lkgveY4-Frn9y2PY9XgOcLxUderzw",
      "u": "0AG7OY1wjaDAE0qHcgNghkDa",
      "score": 96
    },
    {
      "d": "E9XgOcLxUderzwLIr9Bf7V_NHwY1lkFrn9y2PYgveY4-",
      "u": "0AghkDaG7OY1wjaDAE0qHcgN",
      "name": "Jane Doe"
    }
  ]
}

{
  "A":
  {
    "description": "selectively disclosable attribute aggregate section",
    "oneOf":
    [
      {
        "description": "attribute aggregate",
        "type": "string"
      },
      {
        "description": "selectively disclosable attribute details",
        "type": "array",
        "uniqueItems": true,
        "items":
        {
          "anyOf":
          [
            {
              "description": "issuer attribute",
              "type": "object",
              "properties":
              "required":
              [
                "d",
                "u",
                "i"
              ],
              "properties":
              {
                "d":
                {
                  "description": "attribute SAID",
                  "type": "string"
                },
                "u":
                {
                  "description": "attribute UUID",
                  "type": "string"
                },
                "i":
                {
                  "description": "issuer SAID",
                  "type": "string"
                },
              },
              "additionalProperties": false
            },
            {
              "description": "score attribute",
              "type": "object",
              "properties":
              "required":
              [
                "d",
                "u",
                "score"
              ],
              "properties":
              {
                "d":
                {
                  "description": "attribute SAID",
                  "type": "string"
                },
                "u":
                {
                  "description": "attribute UUID",
                  "type": "string"
                },
                "score":
                {
                  "description": "score value",
                  "type": "integer"
                },
              },
              "additionalProperties": false
            },
            {
              "description": "name attribute",
              "type": "object",
              "properties":
              "required":
              [
                "d",
                "u",
                "name"
              ],
              "properties":
              {
                "d":
                {
                  "description": "attribute SAID",
                  "type": "string"
                },
                "u":
                {
                  "description": "attribute UUID",
                  "type": "string"
                },
                "name":
                {
                  "description": "name value",
                  "type": "string"
                },
              },
              "additionalProperties": false
            }
          ]
        }
      }
    ]
    "additionalProperties": false
  }
}

12.2. Bulk-Issued Private ACDCs

The purpose of bulk issuance is to enable the Issuee to use unique ACDC more efficiently SAIDs to isolate and minimize correlation across different usage contexts of essentially the same ACDC while allowing public commitments to the ACDC SAIDs. A private ACDC may be issued in bulk as a set. In its basic form, the only difference between each ACDC is the top-level SAID, d, and UUID, u field values. To elaborate, bulk issuance enables the use of un-correlatable copies while minimizing the associated data transfer and storage requirements. Essentially each copy (member) of a bulk issued ACDC set shares a template that both the Issuer and Issuee use to generate a given ACDC in that set without requiring that the Issuer and Issuee exchange and store a unique copy of each member of the set independently. This minimizes the data transfer and storage requirements for both the Issuer and the Issuee.¶

An ACDC provenance chain is connected via references to the SAIDs given by the top-level SAID, d, fields of the ACDCs in that chain. A given ACDC thereby makes commitments to other ACDCs. Expressed another way, an ACDC may be a node in a directed graph of ACDCs. Each directed edge in that graph emanating from one ACDC includes a reference to the SAID of some other connected ACDC. These edges provide points of correlation to an ACDC via their SAID reference. Private bulk issued ACDCs enable the Issuee to control better the correlatability of presentations using different presentation strategies.¶

For example, the Issuee could use one copy of a bulk-issued private ACDC per presentation even to the same verifier. This strategy would consume the most copies. It is essentially a one-time-use ACDC strategy. Alternatively, the Issuee could use the same copy for all presentations to the same verifier and thereby only permit the verifier to correlate between presentations it received directly but not between other verifiers. This limits the consumption to one copy per verifier. In yet another alternative, the Issuee could use one copy for all presentations in a given context with a group of verifiers, thereby only permitting correlation among that group.¶

In this context, we are talking about permissioned correlation. Any verifier that has received a complete presentation of a private ACDC has access to all the fields disclosed by the presentation but the terms of the chain-link confidentiality agreement may forbid sharing those field values outside a given context. Thus an Issuee may use a combination of bulk issued ACDCs with chain-link confidentiality to control permissioned correlation of the contents of an ACDC while allowing the SAID of the ACDC to be more public. The SAID of a private ACDC does not expose the ACDC contents to an un-permissioned third party. Unique SAIDs belonging to bulk issued ACDCs prevent third parties from making a provable correlation between ACDCs via their SAIDs in spite of those SAIDs being public. This does not stop malicious verifiers (as second parties) from colluding and correlating against the disclosed fields but it does limit provable correlation to the information disclosed to a given group of malicious colluding verifiers. To restate unique SAIDs per copy of a set of private bulk issued ACDC prevent un-permissioned third parties from making provable correlations in spite of those SAIDs being public unless they collude with malicious verifiers (second parties).¶

In some applications, chain-link-confidentiality is insufficient to deter un-permissioned correlation. Some verifiers may be malicious with sufficient malicious incentives to overcome whatever counter incentives the terms of the contractual chain-link confidentiality may impose. In these cases, more aggressive technological anti-correlation mechanisms such as bulk issued ACDCs may be useful. To elaborate, in spite of the fact that chain-link confidentiality terms of use may forbid such malicious correlation, making such correlation more difficult technically may provide better protection than chain-link confidentiality alone [[41]].¶

It is important to note that any group of colluding malicious verifiers may always make a statistical correlation between presentations despite technical barriers to cryptographically provable correlation. In general, there is no cryptographic mechanism that precludes statistical correlation among a set of colluding verifiers because they may make cryptographically unverifiable or unprovable assertions about information presented to them that may be proven as likely true using merely statistical correlation techniques.¶

12.3. Basic Bulk Issuance

The amount of data transferred between the Issuer and Issuee (or recipient of an untargeted ACDC) at issuance of a set of bulk issued ACDCs may be minimized by using a hierarchical deterministic derivation function to derive the value of the UUID, u, fields from a shared secret salt [Salt].¶

As described above, there are several ways that the Issuer may securely share a secret salt. Given that the Issuer and Issuee (or recipient when untargeted) AIDs are each controlled by an Ed25519 key pair(s), a corresponding X15519 asymmetric encryption key pair(s) may be derived from the controlling Ed25519 key pair(s) [EdSC][PSEd][TMEd]. An X25519 public key may be securely derived from an Ed25519 public key [KeyEx][SKEM]. Likewise, an X25519 private key may be securely derived from an Ed25519 private key [KeyEx][SKEM].¶

In an interactive approach, the Issuer derives a public asymmetric X25519 encryption key from the Issuee's published Ed25519 public key and the Issuee derives a public asymmetric X25519 encryption key from the Issuer's published Ed25519 public key. The two then interact via a Diffie-Hellman (DH) key exchange to create a shared symmetric encryption key [KeyEx][DHKE]. The shared symmetric encryption key may be used to encrypt the secret salt or the shared symmetric encryption key itself may be used has high entropy cryptographic material from which the secret salt may be derived.¶

In a non-interactive approach, the Issuer derives an X25519 asymmetric public encryption key from the Issuee's (or recipient's) public Ed25519 public key. The Issuer then encrypts the secret salt with that public asymmetric encryption key and signs the encryption with the Issuer's private Ed25519 signing key. This is transmitted to the Issuee, who verifies the signature and decrypts the secret salt using the private X25519 decryption key derived from the Issuee's private Ed25519 key. This non-interactive approach is more scalable for AIDs that are controlled with a multi-sig group of signing keys. The Issuer can broadcast to all members of the Issuee's (or recipient's) multi-sig signing group individually asymmetrically encrypted and signed copies of the secret salt.¶

In addition to the secret salt, the Issuer also provides a template of the private ACDC but with empty UUID, u, and SAID, d, fields at the top-level of each nested block with such fields. Each UUID, u, field value is then derived from the shared salt with a deterministic path prefix that indexes both its membership in the bulk issued set and its location in the ACDC. Given the UUID, u, field value, the associated SAID, d, field value may then be derived. Likewise, both full and compact versions of the ACDC may then be generated. This generation is analogous to that described in the section for selective disclosure ACDCs but extended to a set of private ACDCs.¶

The initial element in each deterministic derivation path is the string value of the bulk-issued member's copy index k, such as "0", "1", "2" etc. Specifically, if k denotes the index of an ordered set of bulk issued private ACDCs of size M, the derivation path starts with the string "k" where k is replaced with the decimal or hexadecimal textual representation of the numeric index k. Furthermore, a bulk-issued private ACDC with a private attribute section uses "k" to derive its top-level UUID and "k/0" to derive its attribute section UUID. This hierarchical path is extended to any nested private attribute blocks. This approach is further extended to enable bulk issued selective disclosure ACDCs by using a similar hierarchical derivation path for the UUID field value in each of the selectively disclosable blocks in the array of attributes. For example, the path "k/j" is used to generate the UUID of attribute index j at bulk-issued ACDC index k.¶

In addition to the shared salt and ACDC template, the Issuer also provides a list of signatures of SAIDs, one for each SAID of each copy of the associated compact bulk-issued ACDC. The Issuee (or recipient) can generate on-demand each compact or uncompacted ACDC from the template, the salt, and its index k. The Issuee does not need to store a copy of each bulk issued ACDC, merely the template, the salt, and the list of signatures.¶

The Issuer MUST also anchor in its KEL an issuance proof digest seal of the set of bulk issued ACDCs. The issuance proof digest seal makes a cryptographic commitment to the set of top-level SAIDS belonging to the bulk issued ACDCs. This protects against later forgery of ACDCs in the event the Issuer's signing keys become compromised. A later attempt at forgery requires a new event or new version of an event that includes a new anchoring issuance proof digest seal that makes a cryptographic commitment to the set of newly forged ACDC SAIDS. This new anchoring event of the forgery is therefore detectable.¶

Similarly, to the process of generating a selective disclosure attribute ACDC, the issuance proof digest is an aggregate that is aggregated from all members in the bulk-issued set of ACDCs. The complication of this approach is that it must be done in such a way as to not enable provable correlation by a third party of the actual SAIDS of the bulk-issued set of ACDCs. Therefore the actual SAIDs must not be aggregated but blinded commitments to those SAIDs instead. With blinded commitments, knowledge of any or all members of such a set does not disclose the membership of any SAID unless and until it is unblinded. Recall that the purpose of bulk issuance is to allow the SAID of an ACDC in a bulk issued set to be used publicly without correlating it in an un-permissioned provable way to the SAIDs of the other members.¶

The basic approach is to compute the aggregate denoted, B, as the digest of the concatenation of a set of blinded digests of bulk issued ACDC SAIDS. Each ACDC SAID is first blinded via concatenation to a UUID (salty nonce) and then the digest of that concatenation is concatenated with the other blinded SAID digests. Finally, a digest of that concatenation provides the aggregate.¶

Suppose there are M ACDCs in a bulk issued set. Using zero-based indexing for each member of the bulk issued set of ACDCs, such that index k satisfies k in {0, ..., M-1}, let *d_k denote the top-level SAID of an ACDC in an ordered set of bulk-issued ACDCs. Let v_k denote the UUID (salty nonce) or blinding factor that is used to blind that said. The blinding factor, v_k, is NOT the top-level UUID, u, field of the ACDC itself but an entirely different UUID used to blind the ACDC's SAID for the purpose of aggregation. The derivation path for v_k from the shared secret salt is "k." where k is the index of the bulk-issued ACDC.¶

Let c_k = v_k + d_k, denote the blinding concatenation where + is the infix concatenation operator.
Then the blinded digest, b_k, is given by,
b_k = H(c_k) = H(v_k + d_k),
where H is the digest operator.¶

The aggregation of blinded digests, B, is given by,
B = H(C(b_k for all k in {0, ..., M-1})),
where C is the concatenation operator and H is the digest operator. This aggregate, B, provides the issuance proof digest.¶

The aggregate, B, makes a blinded cryptographic commitment to the ordered elements in the list [b₀, b₁, ...., b_M-1]. A commitment to B is a commitment to all the b_k and hence all the d_k.¶

Given sufficient collision resistance of the digest operator, the digest of an ordered concatenation is not subject to a birthday attack on its concatenated elements [BDC][BDay][QCHC][HCR][Hash].¶

Disclosure of any given b_k element does not expose or disclose any discoverable information detail about either the SAID of its associated ACDC or any other ACDC's SAID. Therefore one may safely disclose the full list of b_k elements without exposing the blinded bulk issued SAID values, d_k.¶

Proof of inclusion in the list of blinded digests consists of checking the list for a matching value. A computationally efficient way to do this is to create a hash table or B-tree of the list and then check for inclusion via lookup in the hash table or B-tree.¶

A proof of inclusion of an ACDC in a bulk-issued set requires disclosure of v_k which is only disclosed after the disclosee has accepted (agreed to) the terms of the rule section. Therefore, in the event the Disclosee declines to accept the terms of disclosure, then a presentation/disclosure of the compact version of the ACDC does not provide any point of correlation to any other SAID of any other ACDC from the bulk set that contributes to the aggregate B. In addition, because the other SAIDs are hidden by each b_k inside the aggregate, B, even a presentation/disclosure of,
[b₀, b₁, ...., b_M-1]
does not provide any point of correlation to the actual bulk-issued ACDC without disclosure of its v_k. Indeed if the Discloser uses a metadata version of the ACDC in its offer then even its SAID is not disclosed until after acceptance of terms in the rule section.¶

To protect against later forgery given a later compromise of the signing keys of the Issuer, the issuer MUST anchor an issuance proof seal to the ACDC in its KEL. This seal binds the signing key state to the issuance. There are two cases. In the first case, an issuance/revocation registry is used. In the second case, an issuance/revocation registry is not used.¶

When the ACDC is registered using an issuance/revocation TEL (Transaction Event Log) then the issuance proof seal digest is the SAID of the issuance (inception) event in the ACDC's TEL entry. The issuance event in the TEL uses the aggregate value, B, as its identifier value. This binds the aggregate, B, to the issuance proof seal in the Issuer's KEL through the TEL.¶

Recall that the usual purpose of a TEL is to provide a verifiable data registry that enables dynamic revocation of an ACDC via a state of the TEL. A verifier checks the state at the time of use to check if the associated ACDC has been revoked. The Issuer controls the state of the TEL. The registry identifier, ri, field is used to identify the public registry which usually provides a unique TEL entry for each ACDC. Typically the identifier of each TEL entry is the SAID of the TEL's inception event which is a digest of the event's contents which include the SAID of the ACDC. In the bulk issuance case, however, the TEL's inception event contents include the aggregate, B, instead of the SAID of a given ACDC. Recall that the goal is to generate an aggregate value that enables an Issuee to selectively disclose one ACDC in a bulk-issued set without leaking the other members of the set to un-permissioned parties (second or third). Using the aggregate, B of blinded ACDC saids as the TEL registry entry identifier allows all members of the bulk-issued set to share the same TEL without any third party being able to discover which TEL any ACDC is using in an un-permissioned provable way. Moreover, a second party may not discover in an un-permissioned way any other ACDCs from the bulk-issued set not specifically disclosed to that second party. In order to prove to which TEL a specific bulk issued ACDC belongs, the full inclusion proof must be disclosed.¶

When the ACDC is not registered using an issuance/revocation TEL then the issuance proof seal digest is the aggregate, B, itself.¶

In either case, this issuance proof seal makes a verifiable binding between the issuance of all the ACDCs in the bulk issued set and the key state of the Issuer at the time of issuance.¶

A Discloser may make a basic provable non-repudiable selective disclosure of a given bulk issued ACDC, at index k by providing to the Disclosee four items of information (proof of inclusion). These are as follows:¶

• The ACDC in compact form (at index k) where d_k as the value of its top-level SAID, d, field.¶
• The blinding factor, v_k from which b_k = H(v_k + d_k) may be computed.¶
• The list of all blinded SAIDs, [b₀, b₁, ...., b_M-1] that includes b_k.¶
• The signature(s), s_k, of the Issuee on the ACDC's top level SAID, d_k, field.¶

A Disclosee may then verify the disclosure by:¶

• computing d_j on the disclosed compact ACDC.¶
• computing b_k = H(v_k + d_k)¶
• confirming that the computed b_k appears in the provided list [b₀, b₁, ...., b_M-1].¶
• computing the aggregate B from the provided list [b₀, b₁, ...., b_M-1]..¶
• confirming the presence of an issuance seal digest in the Issuer's KEL that makes a commitment to the aggregate, B, either directly or indirectly through a TEL registry entry.¶
• verifying the provided signature(s), s_k, of the Issuee on the provided top level SAID, d_k, field.¶

The last 3 steps that culminate with verifying the signature(s) require determining the key state of the Issuer at the time of issuance, this may require additional verification steps as per the KERI, PTEL, and CESR-Proof protocols.¶

The requirement of an anchored issuance proof seal means that the forger Must first successfully publish in the KEL of the issuer an inclusion proof digest seal bound to a set of forged bulk issued ACDCs. This makes any forgery attempt detectable. To elaborate, the only way to successfully publish such a seal is in a subsequent interaction event in a KEL that has not yet changed its key state via a rotation event. Whereas any KEL that has changed its key state via a rotation must be forked before the rotation. This makes the forgery attempt either both detectable and recoverable via rotation in any KEL that has not yet changed its key state or detectable as duplicity in any KEL that has changed its key state. In any event, the issuance proof seal makes any later attempt at forgery using compromised keys detectable.¶

12.4. Independent TEL Bulk-Issued ACDCs

Recall that the purpose of using the aggregate B for a bulk-issued set from which the TEL identifier is derived is to enable a set of bulk issued ACDCs to share a single public TEL that provides dynamic revocation but without enabling un-permissioned correlation to any other members of the bulk set by virtue of the shared TEL. This enables the issuance/revocation/transfer state of all copies of a set of bulk-issued ACDCs to be provided by a single TEL which minimizes the storage and compute requirements on the TEL registry while providing selective disclosure to prevent un-permissioned correlation via the public TEL.¶

However, in some applications where chain-link confidentiality does not sufficiently deter malicious provable correlation by Disclosees (Second-Party verifiers), an Issuee may benefit from using ACDC with independent TELs but that are still bulk-issued.¶

In this case, the bulk issuance process must be augmented so that each uniquely identified copy of the ACDC gets its own TEL entry in the registry. Each Disclosee (verifier) of a full presentation/disclosure of a given copy of the ACDC only receives proof of one uniquely identified TEL and can NOT provably correlate the TEL state of one presentation to any other presentation because the ACDC SAID, the TEL identifier, and the signature of the issuer on the SAID of a given copy will all be different for each copy. There is therefore no point of provable correlation permissioned or otherwise.¶

The obvious drawbacks of this approach (independent unique TELs for each private ACDC) are that the size of the registry database increases as a multiple of the number of copies of each bulk-issued ACDC and every time an Issuer must change the TEL state of a given set of copies it must change the state of multiple TELs in the registry. This imposes both a storage and computation burden on the registry. The primary advantage of this approach, however, is that each copy of a private ACDC has a uniquely identified TEL. This minimizes un-permissioned Third-Party exploitation via provable correlation of TEL identifiers even with colluding Second-Party verifiers. They are limited to statistical correlation techniques.¶

In this case, the set of private ACDCs may or may not share the same Issuee AID because for all intents and purposes each copy appears to be a different ACDC even when issued to the same Issuee. Nonetheless, using unique Issuee AIDs may further reduce correlation by malicious Disclosees (Second-Party verifiers) beyond using independent TELs.¶

To summarize the main benefit of this approach, in spite of its storage and compute burden, is that in some applications chain-link confidentiality does not sufficiently deter un-permissioned malicious collusion. Therefore completely independent bulk-issued ACDCs may be used.¶

14.1. Cryptographic Strength

For crypto-systems with perfect-security, the critical design parameter is the number of bits of entropy needed to resist any practical brute force attack. In other words, when a large random or pseudo-random number from a cryptographic strength pseudo-random number generator (CSPRNG) [CSPRNG] expressed as a string of characters is used as a seed or private key to a cryptosystem with perfect-security, the critical design parameter is determined by the amount of random entropy in that string needed to withstand a brute force attack. Any subsequent cryptographic operations must preserve that minimum level of cryptographic strength. In information theory [IThry][ITPS] the entropy of a message or string of characters is measured in bits. Another way of saying this is that the degree of randomness of a string of characters can be measured by the number of bits of entropy in that string. Assuming conventional non-quantum computers, the convention wisdom is that, for systems with information-theoretic or perfect security, the seed/key needs to have on the order of 128 bits (16 bytes, 32 hex characters) of entropy to practically withstand any brute force attack. A cryptographic quality random or pseudo-random number expressed as a string of characters will have essentially as many bits of entropy as the number of bits in the number. For other crypto-systems such as digital signatures that do not have perfect security, the size of the seed/key may need to be much larger than 128 bits in order to maintain 128 bits of cryptographic strength.¶

An N-bit long base-2 random number has 2^N different possible values. Given that no other information is available to an attacker with perfect security, the attacker may need to try every possible value before finding the correct one. Thus the number of attempts that the attacker would have to try maybe as much as 2^N-1. Given available computing power, one can easily show that 128 is a large enough N to make brute force attack computationally infeasible.¶

Let's suppose that the adversary has access to supercomputers. Current supercomputers can perform on the order of one quadrillion operations per second. Individual CPU cores can only perform about 4 billion operations per second, but a supercomputer will parallelly employ many cores. A quadrillion is approximately 2⁵⁰ = 1,125,899,906,842,624. Suppose somehow an adversary had control over one million (2²⁰ = 1,048,576) supercomputers which could be employed in parallel when mounting a brute force attack. The adversary could then try 2⁵⁰ * 2²⁰ = 2⁷⁰ values per second (assuming very conservatively that each try only took one operation). There are about 3600 * 24 * 365 = 313,536,000 = 2^{log₂313536000}=2^24.91 ~= 2²⁵ seconds in a year. Thus this set of a million super computers could try 2^50+20+25 = 2⁹⁵ values per year. For a 128-bit random number this means that the adversary would need on the order of 2^128-95 = 2³³ = 8,589,934,592 years to find the right value. This assumes that the value of breaking the cryptosystem is worth the expense of that much computing power. Consequently, a cryptosystem with perfect security and 128 bits of cryptographic strength is computationally infeasible to break via brute force attack.¶

14.2. Information Theoretic Security and Perfect Security

The highest level of cryptographic security with respect to a cryptographic secret (seed, salt, or private key) is called information-theoretic security [ITPS]. A cryptosystem that has this level of security cannot be broken algorithmically even if the adversary has nearly unlimited computing power including quantum computing. It must be broken by brute force if at all. Brute force means that in order to guarantee success the adversary must search for every combination of key or seed. A special case of information-theoretic security is called perfect-security [ITPS]. Perfect-security means that the ciphertext provides no information about the key. There are two well-known cryptosystems that exhibit perfect security. The first is a one-time-pad (OTP) or Vernum Cipher [OTP][VCphr], the other is secret splitting [SSplt], a type of secret sharing [SShr] that uses the same technique as a one-time-pad.¶