Network Working Group V. Gurbani
Request for Comments: 5118 Bell Laboratories, Alcatel-Lucent
Category: Informational C. Boultond
Ubiquity Software Corporation
R. Sparks
Estacado Systems
February 2008
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Torture Test Messages for
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
Status of This Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does
not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this
memo is unlimited.
Abstract
This document provides examples of Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
test messages designed to exercise and "torture" the code of an
IPv6-enabled SIP implementation.
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Table of Contents
1. Overview ........................................................2
2. Document conventions ............................................2
3. SIP and IPv6 Network Configuration ..............................4
4. Parser Torture Tests ............................................4
4.1. Valid SIP Message with an IPv6 Reference ...................5
4.2. Invalid SIP Message with an IPv6 Reference .................5
4.3. Port Ambiguous in a SIP URI ................................6
4.4. Port Unambiguous in a SIP URI ..............................7
4.5. IPv6 Reference Delimiters in Via Header ....................7
4.6. SIP Request with IPv6 Addresses in
Session Description Protocol (SDP) Body.....................9
4.7. Multiple IP Addresses in SIP Headers .......................9
4.8. Multiple IP Addresses in SDP ..............................10
4.9. IPv4-Mapped IPv6 Addresses ................................11
4.10. IPv6 Reference Bug in RFC 3261 ABNF ......................11
5. Security Considerations ........................................13
6. Acknowledgments ................................................13
7. References .....................................................13
7.1. Normative References ......................................13
7.2. Informative References ....................................14
Appendix A. Bit-Exact Archive of Each Test Message ...............15
A.1. Encoded Reference Messages ...............................16
1. Overview
This document is informational, and is *not normative* on any aspect
of SIP.
This document contains test messages based on the current version
(2.0) of the Session Initiation Protocol as defined in [RFC3261].
This document is expected to be used as a companion document to the
more general SIP torture test document [RFC4475], which does not
include specific tests for IPv6 network identifiers.
This document does not attempt to catalog every way to make an
invalid message, nor does it attempt to be comprehensive in exploring
unusual, but valid, messages. Instead, it tries to focus on areas
that may cause interoperability problems in IPv6 deployments.
2. Document Conventions
This document contains many examples of SIP messages with IPv6
network identifiers. The appendix contains an encoded binary form
containing the bit-exact representation of all the messages and the
script needed to decode them into separate files.
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The IPv6 addresses used in this document correspond to the 2001:
DB8::/32 address prefix reserved for documentation [RFC3489].
Likewise, the IPv4 addresses used in this document correspond to the
192.0.2.0/24 address block as described in [RFC3330].
Although SIP is a text-based protocol, some of these examples cannot
be unambiguously rendered without additional markup due to the
constraints placed on the formatting of RFCs. This document uses the
<allOneLine/> markup convention established in [RFC4475] to avoid
ambiguity and meet the Internet-Draft layout requirements. For the
sake of completeness, the text defining this markup from Section 2.1
of [RFC4475] is reproduced in its entirety below:
Several of these examples contain unfolded lines longer than 72
characters. These are captured between <allOneLine/> tags. The
single unfolded line is reconstructed by directly concatenating
all lines appearing between the tags (discarding any line feeds or
carriage returns). There will be no whitespace at the end of
lines. Any whitespace appearing at a fold-point will appear at
the beginning of a line.
The following represent the same string of bits:
Header-name: first value, reallylongsecondvalue, third value
<allOneLine>
Header-name: first value,
reallylongsecondvalue
, third value
</allOneLine>
<allOneLine>
Header-name: first value,
reallylong
second
value,
third value
</allOneLine>
Note that this is NOT SIP header-line folding, where different
strings of bits have equivalent meaning.
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3. SIP and IPv6 Network Configuration
System-level issues like deploying a dual-stack proxy server,
populating DNS with A and AAAA Resource Records (RRs), zero-
configuration discovery of outbound proxies for IPv4 and IPv6
networks, when a dual-stack proxy should Record-Route itself, and
media issues also play a major part in the transition to IPv6. This
document does not, however, address these issues. Instead, a
companion document [sip-trans] provides more guidance on these
issues.
4. Parser Torture Tests
The test messages are organized into several sections. Some stress
only the SIP parser and others stress both the parser and the
application above it. Some messages are valid and some are not.
Each example clearly calls out what makes any invalid messages
incorrect.
Please refer to the complete Augmented Backus-Naur Form (ABNF) in
[RFC3261] on representing IPv6 references in SIP messages. IPv6
references are delimited by a "[" and "]". When an IPv6 reference is
part of a SIP Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), RFC 3261 mandates
that the "IPv6reference" production rule be used to recognize tokens
that comprise an IPv6 reference. More specifically, the ABNF states
the following:
SIP-URI = "sip:" [ userinfo ] hostport
uri-parameters [ headers ]
hostport = host [ ":" port ]
host = hostname / IPv4address / IPv6reference
IPv4address = 1*3DIGIT "." 1*3DIGIT "." 1*3DIGIT "." 1*3DIGIT
IPv6reference = "[" IPv6address "]"
IPv6address = hexpart [ ":" IPv4address ]
hexpart = hexseq / hexseq "::" [ hexseq ] / "::" [ hexseq ]
hexseq = hex4 *( ":" hex4)
hex4 = 1*4HEXDIG
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4.1. Valid SIP Message with an IPv6 Reference
The request below is well-formatted according to the grammar in
[RFC3261]. An IPv6 reference appears in the Request-URI (R-URI), Via
header field, and Contact header field.
Message Details: ipv6-good
REGISTER sip:[2001:db8::10] SIP/2.0
To: sip:user@example.com
From: sip:user@example.com;tag=81x2
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP [2001:db8::9:1];branch=z9hG4bKas3-111
Call-ID: SSG9559905523997077@hlau_4100
Max-Forwards: 70
Contact: "Caller" <sip:caller@[2001:db8::1]>
CSeq: 98176 REGISTER
Content-Length: 0
4.2. Invalid SIP Message with an IPv6 Reference
The request below is not well-formatted according to the grammar in
[RFC3261]. The IPv6 reference in the R-URI does not contain the
mandated delimiters for an IPv6 reference ("[" and "]").
A SIP implementation receiving this request should respond with a 400
Bad Request error.
Message Details: ipv6-bad
REGISTER sip:2001:db8::10 SIP/2.0
To: sip:user@example.com
From: sip:user@example.com;tag=81x2
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP [2001:db8::9:1];branch=z9hG4bKas3-111
Call-ID: SSG9559905523997077@hlau_4100
Max-Forwards: 70
Contact: "Caller" <sip:caller@[2001:db8::1]>
CSeq: 98176 REGISTER
Content-Length: 0
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4.3. Port Ambiguous in a SIP URI
IPv6 uses the colon to delimit octets. This may lead to ambiguity if
the port number on which to contact a SIP server is inadvertently
conflated with the IPv6 reference. Consider the REGISTER request
below. The sender of the request intended to specify a port number
(5070) to contact a server, but inadvertently, inserted the port
number inside the closing "]" of the IPv6 reference. Unfortunately,
since the IPv6 address in the R-URI is compressed, the intended port
number becomes the last octet of the reference.
From a parsing perspective, the request below is well-formed.
However, from a semantic point of view, it will not yield the desired
result. Implementations must ensure that when a raw IPv6 address
appears in a SIP URI, then a port number, if required, appears
outside the closing "]" delimiting the IPv6 reference. Raw IPv6
addresses can occur in many header fields, including the Contact,
Route, and Record-Route header fields. They also can appear as the
result of the "sent-by" production rule of the Via header field.
Implementers are urged to consult the ABNF in [RFC3261] for a
complete list of fields where a SIP URI can appear.
Message Details: port-ambiguous
REGISTER sip:[2001:db8::10:5070] SIP/2.0
To: sip:user@example.com
From: sip:user@example.com;tag=81x2
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP [2001:db8::9:1];branch=z9hG4bKas3-111
Call-ID: SSG9559905523997077@hlau_4100
Contact: "Caller" <sip:caller@[2001:db8::1]>
Max-Forwards: 70
CSeq: 98176 REGISTER
Content-Length: 0
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4.4. Port Unambiguous in a SIP URI
In contrast to the example in Section 4.3, the following REGISTER
request leaves no ambiguity whatsoever on where the IPv6 address ends
and the port number begins. This REGISTER request is well formatted
per the grammar in [RFC3261].
Message Details: port-unambiguous
REGISTER sip:[2001:db8::10]:5070 SIP/2.0
To: sip:user@example.com
From: sip:user@example.com;tag=81x2
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP [2001:db8::9:1];branch=z9hG4bKas3-111
Call-ID: SSG9559905523997077@hlau_4100
Contact: "Caller" <sip:caller@[2001:db8::1]>
Max-Forwards: 70
CSeq: 98176 REGISTER
Content-Length: 0
4.5. IPv6 Reference Delimiters in Via Header
IPv6 references can also appear in Via header fields; more
specifically in the "sent-by" production rule and the "via-received"
production rule. In the "sent-by" production rule, the sequence of
octets comprising the IPv6 address is defined to appear as an
"IPv6reference" non-terminal, thereby mandating the "[" and "]"
delimiters. However, this is not the case for the "via-received"
non-terminal. The "via-received" production rule is defined as
follows:
via-received = "received" EQUAL (IPv4address / IPv6address)
The "IPv6address" non-terminal is defined not to include the
delimiting "[" and "]". This has led to the situation documented
during the 18th SIP Interoperability Event [Email-SIPit]:
Those testing IPv6 made different assumptions about enclosing
literal v6 addresses in Vias in []. By the end of the event, most
implementations were accepting either. Its about 50/50 on what
gets sent.
While it would be beneficial if the same non-terminal
("IPv6reference") was used for both the "sent-by" and "via-received"
production rules, there has not been a consensus in the working group
to that effect. Thus, the best that can be suggested is that
implementations must follow the Robustness Principle [RFC1122] and be
liberal in accepting a "received" parameter with or without the
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delimiting "[" and "]" tokens. When sending a request,
implementations must not put the delimiting "[" and "]" tokens.
The two test cases below are designed to stress this behavior. A SIP
implementation receiving either of these messages must parse them
successfully.
The request below contains an IPv6 address in the Via "received"
parameter. The IPv6 address is delimited by "[" and "]". Even
though this is not a valid request based on a strict interpretation
of the grammar in [RFC3261], robust implementations must nonetheless
be able to parse the topmost Via header field and continue processing
the request.
Message Details: via-received-param-with-delim
BYE sip:[2001:db8::10] SIP/2.0
To: sip:user@example.com;tag=bd76ya
From: sip:user@example.com;tag=81x2
<allOneLine>
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP [2001:db8::9:1];received=[2001:db8::9:255];
branch=z9hG4bKas3-111
</allOneLine>
Call-ID: SSG9559905523997077@hlau_4100
Max-Forwards: 70
CSeq: 321 BYE
Content-Length: 0
The OPTIONS request below contains an IPv6 address in the Via
"received" parameter without the adorning "[" and "]". This request
is valid according to the grammar in [RFC3261].
Message Details: via-received-param-no-delim
OPTIONS sip:[2001:db8::10] SIP/2.0
To: sip:user@example.com
From: sip:user@example.com;tag=81x2
<allOneLine>
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP [2001:db8::9:1];received=2001:db8::9:255;
branch=z9hG4bKas3
</allOneLine>
Call-ID: SSG95523997077@hlau_4100
Max-Forwards: 70
Contact: "Caller" <sip:caller@[2001:db8::9:1]>
CSeq: 921 OPTIONS
Content-Length: 0
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4.6. SIP Request with IPv6 Addresses in Session Description Protocol
(SDP) Body
This request below is valid and well-formed according to the grammar
in [RFC3261]. Note that the IPv6 addresses in the SDP [RFC4566] body
do not have the delimiting "[" and "]".
Message Details: ipv6-in-sdp
INVITE sip:user@[2001:db8::10] SIP/2.0
To: sip:user@[2001:db8::10]
From: sip:user@example.com;tag=81x2
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP [2001:db8::20];branch=z9hG4bKas3-111
Call-ID: SSG9559905523997077@hlau_4100
Contact: "Caller" <sip:caller@[2001:db8::20]>
CSeq: 8612 INVITE
Max-Forwards: 70
Content-Type: application/sdp
Content-Length: 268
v=0
o=assistant 971731711378798081 0 IN IP6 2001:db8::20
s=Live video feed for today's meeting
c=IN IP6 2001:db8::20
t=3338481189 3370017201
m=audio 6000 RTP/AVP 2
a=rtpmap:2 G726-32/8000
m=video 6024 RTP/AVP 107
a=rtpmap:107 H263-1998/90000
4.7. Multiple IP Addresses in SIP Headers
The request below is valid and well-formed according to the grammar
in [RFC3261]. The Via list contains a mix of IPv4 addresses and IPv6
references.
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Message Details: mult-ip-in-header
BYE sip:user@host.example.net SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP [2001:db8::9:1]:6050;branch=z9hG4bKas3-111
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 192.0.2.1;branch=z9hG4bKjhja8781hjuaij65144
<allOneLine>
Via: SIP/2.0/TCP [2001:db8::9:255];branch=z9hG4bK451jj;
received=192.0.2.200
</allOneLine>
Call-ID: 997077@lau_4100
Max-Forwards: 70
CSeq: 89187 BYE
To: sip:user@example.net;tag=9817--94
From: sip:user@example.com;tag=81x2
Content-Length: 0
4.8. Multiple IP Addresses in SDP
The request below is valid and well-formed according to the grammar
in [RFC3261]. The SDP contains multiple media lines, and each media
line is identified by a different network connection address.
Message Details: mult-ip-in-sdp
INVITE sip:user@[2001:db8::10] SIP/2.0
To: sip:user@[2001:db8::10]
From: sip:user@example.com;tag=81x2
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP [2001:db8::9:1];branch=z9hG4bKas3-111
Call-ID: SSG9559905523997077@hlau_4100
Contact: "Caller" <sip:caller@[2001:db8::9:1]>
Max-Forwards: 70
CSeq: 8912 INVITE
Content-Type: application/sdp
Content-Length: 181
v=0
o=bob 280744730 28977631 IN IP4 host.example.com
s=
t=0 0
m=audio 22334 RTP/AVP 0
c=IN IP4 192.0.2.1
m=video 6024 RTP/AVP 107
c=IN IP6 2001:db8::1
a=rtpmap:107 H263-1998/90000
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4.9. IPv4-Mapped IPv6 Addresses
An IPv4-mapped IPv6 address is usually represented with the last 32
bits appearing as a dotted-decimal IPv4 address; e.g., ::ffff:
192.0.2.1. A SIP implementation receiving a message that contains
such a mapped address must be prepared to parse it successfully. An
IPv4-mapped IPv6 address may appear in signaling, or in the SDP
carried by the signaling message, or in both. If a port number is
part of the URI represented by the IPv4-mapped IPv6 address, then it
must appear outside the delimiting "]" (cf. Section 4.4).
The message below is well-formed according to the grammar in
[RFC3261]. The Via list contains two Via headers, both of which
include an IPv4-mapped IPv6 address. An IPv4-mapped IPv6 address
also appears in the Contact header and the SDP. The topmost Via
header includes a port number that is appropriately delimited by "]".
Message Details: ipv4-mapped-ipv6
INVITE sip:user@example.com SIP/2.0
To: sip:user@example.com
From: sip:user@east.example.com;tag=81x2
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP [::ffff:192.0.2.10]:19823;branch=z9hG4bKbh19
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP [::ffff:192.0.2.2];branch=z9hG4bKas3-111
Call-ID: SSG9559905523997077@hlau_4100
Contact: "T. desk phone" <sip:ted@[::ffff:192.0.2.2]>
CSeq: 612 INVITE
Max-Forwards: 70
Content-Type: application/sdp
Content-Length: 236
v=0
o=assistant 971731711378798081 0 IN IP6 ::ffff:192.0.2.2
s=Call me soon, please!
c=IN IP6 ::ffff:192.0.2.2
t=3338481189 3370017201
m=audio 6000 RTP/AVP 2
a=rtpmap:2 G726-32/8000
m=video 6024 RTP/AVP 107
a=rtpmap:107 H263-1998/90000
4.10. IPv6 Reference Bug in RFC 3261 ABNF
It is possible to follow the IPv6reference production rule of RFC
3261 ABNF -- the relevant portion of which is reproduced at the top
of Section 4 -- and arrive at the following construct:
[2001:db8:::192.0.2.1]
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Note the extra colon before the IPv4 address in the above construct.
The correct construct, of course, is:
[2001:db8::192.0.2.1]
The ABNF pertaining to IPv6 references in RFC 3261 was derived from
RFC 2373 [RFC2373], which has been obsoleted by RFC 4291 [RFC4291].
The specific behavior of inserting an extra colon was inherited from
RFC 2373, and has been remedied in RFC 4291. However, following the
Robustness Principle [RFC1122], an implementation must tolerate both
of the above constructs.
The message below includes an extra colon in the IPv6 reference. A
SIP implementation receiving such a message may exhibit robustness by
successfully parsing the IPv6 reference (it can choose to ignore the
extra colon when parsing the IPv6 reference. If the SIP
implementation is acting in the role of a proxy, it may additionally
serialize the message without the extra colon to aid the next
downstream server).
Message Details: ipv6-bug-abnf-3-colons
OPTIONS sip:user@[2001:db8:::192.0.2.1] SIP/2.0
To: sip:user@[2001:db8:::192.0.2.1]
From: sip:user@example.com;tag=810x2
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP lab1.east.example.com;branch=z9hG4bKas3-111
Call-ID: G9559905523997077@hlau_4100
CSeq: 689 OPTIONS
Max-Forwards: 70
Content-Length: 0
The next message has the correct syntax for the IPv6 reference in the
R-URI.
Message Details: ipv6-correct-abnf-2-colons
OPTIONS sip:user@[2001:db8::192.0.2.1] SIP/2.0
To: sip:user@[2001:db8::192.0.2.1]
From: sip:user@example.com;tag=810x2
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP lab1.east.example.com;branch=z9hG4bKas3-111
Call-ID: G9559905523997077@hlau_4100
CSeq: 689 OPTIONS
Max-Forwards: 70
Content-Length: 0
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5. Security Considerations
This document presents examples of SIP messages with IPv6 references
contained in the signaling headers and SDP payload. While this
document may clarify the behavior of SIP elements processing a
message with IPv6 references, it does not normatively change the base
SIP [RFC3261] specification in any way. Consequently, all security
considerations in [RFC3261] apply.
Parsers must carefully consider edge conditions and malicious input
as part of their design. Attacks on many Internet systems use
crafted input to cause implementations to behave in undesirable ways.
Many of the messages in this document are designed to stress a parser
implementation at points traditionally used for such attacks. This
document does not, however, attempt to be comprehensive. It contains
some common pitfalls that the authors have discovered while parsing
IPv6 identifiers in SIP implementations.
6. Acknowledgments
The authors thank Jeroen van Bemmel, Dennis Bijwaard, Gonzalo
Camarillo, Bob Gilligan, Alan Jeffrey, Larry Kollasch, Erik Nordmark,
Kumiko Ono, Pekka Pessi, Jon Peterson, and other members of the SIP-
related working groups for input provided during the construction of
the document and discussion of the test cases.
This work is being discussed on the sipping@ietf.org mailing list.
A.B. Nataraju and A.C. Mahendran provided working group last call
comments.
Mohamed Boucadair and Brian Carpenter suggested new test cases for
inclusion in the document.
7. References
7.1. Normative References
[RFC1122] Braden, R., Ed., "Requirements for Internet Hosts -
Communication Layers", STD 3, RFC 1122, October 1989.
[RFC3261] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G.,
Johnston, A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M.,
and E. Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol",
RFC 3261, June 2002.
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[RFC3330] IANA, "Special-Use IPv4 Addresses", RFC 3330, September
2002.
[RFC3489] Rosenberg, J., Weinberger, J., Huitema, C., and R.
Mahy, "STUN - Simple Traversal of User Datagram
Protocol (UDP) Through Network Address Translators
(NATs)", RFC 3489, March 2003.
[RFC4475] Sparks, R., Ed., Hawrylyshen, A., Johnston, A.,
Rosenberg, J., and H. Schulzrinne, "Session Initiation
Protocol (SIP) Torture Test Messages", RFC 4475, May
2006.
[RFC4566] Handley, M., Jacobson, V., and C. Perkins, "SDP:
Session Description Protocol", RFC 4566, July 2006.
7.2. Informative References
[RFC2373] Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
Architecture", RFC 2373, July 1998.
[RFC4291] Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
Architecture", RFC 4291, February 2006.
[sip-trans] Camarillo, G., El Malki, K., and V. Gurbani, "IPv6
Transition in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)",
Work in Progress, August 2007.
[Email-SIPit] Sparks, R., "preliminary report: SIPit 18", Electronic
Mail archived at http://www1.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/
sip/current/msg14103.html, April 2006.
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Appendix A. Bit-Exact Archive of Each Test Message
The following text block is an encoded, gzip compressed TAR archive
of files that represent each of the example messages discussed in
Section 4.
To recover the compressed archive file intact, the text of this
document may be passed as input to the following Perl script (the
output should be redirected to a file or piped to "tar -xzvf -").
#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict;
my $bdata = "";
use MIME::Base64;
while(<>) {
if (/-- BEGIN MESSAGE ARCHIVE --/ .. /-- END MESSAGE ARCHIVE --/) {
if ( m/^\s*[^\s]+\s*$/) {
$bdata = $bdata . $_;
}
}
}
print decode_base64($bdata);
Alternatively, the base-64 encoded block can be edited by hand to
remove document structure lines and fed as input to any base-64
decoding utility.
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A.1. Encoded Reference Messages
-- BEGIN MESSAGE ARCHIVE --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-- END MESSAGE ARCHIVE --
Gurbani, et al. Informational [Page 16]
RFC 5118 SIP IPv6 Torture Tests February 2008
Authors' Addresses
Vijay K. Gurbani
Bell Laboratories, Alcatel-Lucent
2701 Lucent Lane
Rm 9F-546
Lisle, IL 60532
USA
Phone: +1 630 224 0216
EMail: vkg@alcatel-lucent.com
Chris Boulton
Ubiquity Software Corporation
Building 3
West Fawr Lane
St Mellons
Cardiff, South Wales CF3 5EA
EMail: cboulton@ubiquitysoftware.com
Robert J. Sparks
Estacado Systems
EMail: RjS@estacado.net
Gurbani, et al. Informational [Page 17]
RFC 5118 SIP IPv6 Torture Tests February 2008
Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2008).
This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions
contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors
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Gurbani, et al. Informational [Page 18]