Internet Architecture Board (IAB) D. Thaler
Request for Comments: 7288 Microsoft
Category: Informational June 2014
ISSN: 2070-1721
Reflections on Host Firewalls
Abstract
In today's Internet, the need for firewalls is generally accepted in
the industry, and indeed firewalls are widely deployed in practice.
Unlike traditional firewalls that protect network links, host
firewalls run in end-user systems. Often the result is that software
may be running and potentially consuming resources, but then
communication is blocked by a host firewall. It's taken for granted
that this end state is either desirable or the best that can be
achieved in practice, rather than (for example) an end state where
the relevant software is not running or is running in a way that
would not result in unwanted communication. In this document, we
explore the issues behind these assumptions and provide suggestions
on improving the architecture going forward.
Status of This Memo
This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for informational purposes.
This document is a product of the Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
and represents information that the IAB has deemed valuable to
provide for permanent record. It represents the consensus of the
Internet Architecture Board (IAB). Documents approved for
publication by the IAB are not a candidate for any level of Internet
Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7288.
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Firewall Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. Category 1: Attack Surface Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1. Discussion of Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1.1. Fix the Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1.2. Don't Use the Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.1.3. Run the Software behind a Host Firewall . . . . . . . 8
4. Category 2: Security Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.1. Discussion of Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.1.1. Security Policies in Applications . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.1.2. Security Policies in Host Firewalls . . . . . . . . . 9
4.1.3. Security Policies in a Service . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5. Stealth Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
8. IAB Members at the Time of Approval . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
9. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
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1. Introduction
[BLOCK-FILTER] discusses the issue of blocking or filtering abusive
or objectionable content and communications, and the effects on the
overall Internet architecture. This document complements that
discussion by focusing on the architectural effects of host firewalls
on hosts and applications.
"Behavior of and Requirements for Internet Firewalls" [RFC2979]
provides an introduction to firewalls and the requirement for
transparency in particular, stating:
The introduction of a firewall and any associated tunneling or
access negotiation facilities MUST NOT cause unintended failures
of legitimate and standards-compliant usage that would work were
the firewall not present.
Many firewalls today do not follow that guidance, such as by blocking
traffic containing IP options or IPv6 extension headers (see
[RFC7045] for more discussion).
In Section 2.1 of "Reflections on Internet Transparency" [RFC4924],
the IAB provided additional thoughts on firewalls and their impact on
the Internet architecture, including issues around disclosure
obligations and complexity as applications evolve to circumvent
firewalls. This document extends that discussion with additional
considerations.
Traditionally, firewalls have been about arming customers to protect
against bugs in applications and services. This document discusses a
number of fundamental questions, such as who a firewall is meant to
protect from what. It does so primarily, though not exclusively,
from an end system perspective with a focus on host firewalls in
particular.
While the Internet Security Glossary [RFC4949] contains an extended
definition of a firewall, informally, most people would tend to think
of a firewall as simply "something that blocks unwanted traffic" (see
[RFC4948] for a discussion on many types of unwanted traffic). A
fundamental question is, however: "unwanted by whom?"
Possible answers include end users, application developers, network
administrators, host administrators, firewall vendors, and content
providers. We will exclude by definition the sender of the traffic
in question, since the sender would generally want such traffic to be
delivered. Still, the other entities have different, and often
conflicting, desires which means that a type of traffic might be
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wanted by one entity and unwanted by another entity. Thus, not
surprisingly, there exist various types of firewalls, and various
types of "arms race" as we will discuss in Section 4.1.2.
1.1. Terminology
In this document we distinguish between a "host firewall", which
simply intends to protect the single computer on which it runs, and a
"network firewall", which is located in the network and intends to
protect the network and any hosts behind it.
A Network Address Translator (NAT) is also often viewed, or even
marketed, as a type of network firewall; Section 2.2 of [RFC4864]
addresses this misconception, but nevertheless some of the same
observations in the present document may also apply to NATs.
Sandboxed environments, such as those provided by browsers, can also
be thought of as a type of host firewall in the more general sense.
For example, a cross-site check in a browser can be thought of as a
mechanism to block unwanted outbound traffic per a "same origin
policy" where a script can only communicate with the "site" from
which the script was obtained, for some definition of site such as
the scheme and authority in a URI.
The term "application" is used in this document generically to apply
to any component that can receive traffic. In this sense, it could
refer to a process running on a computer (including a system service)
or even to a portion of a TCP/IP stack itself, such as a component
that responds to pings.
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2. Firewall Rules
Desires for wanted or unwanted traffic can be expressed in terms of
"allow" vs. "block" rules, with some way to resolve conflicting
rules. Many firewalls are actually implemented in terms of such
rules. Figure 1 shows some typical sources of such rules.
Source | Consumer | Consumer | Enterprise | Enterprise
| Scenario | Scenario | Scenario | Scenario
| Host | Network | Host | Network
| Firewall | Firewall | Firewall | Firewall
----------+------------+-------------+------------+------------
End user | Sometimes | Sometimes | |
| (as host | (as network | |
| admin) | admin) | |
----------+------------+-------------+------------+------------
App | Yes | Sometimes | |
developer | | (via | |
| | protocols) | |
----------+------------+-------------+------------+------------
Network | | Sometimes | | Yes
admin | | | |
----------+------------+-------------+------------+------------
Host | Sometimes | | Yes |
admin | | | |
----------+------------+-------------+------------+------------
Firewall | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes
vendor | | | |
----------+------------+-------------+------------+------------
Figure 1: Common Sources of Firewall Rules
Figure 1 assumes that network firewalls are administered by network
administrators (if any), and host firewalls are administered by host
administrators (if any). A firewall may also have rules provided by
the firewall vendor itself.
End users typically cannot directly provide rules to firewalls that
affect other users, unless the end user is a host or network
administrator. Application developers can, however, provide such
rules to some firewalls, such as providing rules at installation
time. They can do this, for example, by invoking an API provided by
a host firewall included with the operating system, or by providing
metadata to the operating system for use by firewalls, or by using a
protocol such as Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) [UPNPWANIP] or the
Port Control Protocol (PCP) [RFC6887] to communicate with a network
firewall (see Section 4.1.3 for a longer discussion).
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Firewall rules generally fall into two categories:
1. Attack surface reduction: Rules intended to prevent an
application from doing things the developer does not want it to
do.
2. Security policy: Rules intended to prevent an application from
doing things the developer might want it to do, but an
administrator does not.
A firewall is unnecessary if both categories are empty. We will now
treat each category in turn, focusing specifically on host firewalls
(although some points might be equally applicable to network
firewalls).
3. Category 1: Attack Surface Reduction
As noted above, this category of firewall rule typically attempts to
prevent applications from doing things the developer did not intend.
One might ask whether this category of rules is typically empty, and
the answer is that it is not, at present. One reason stems from
mitigating the threat of vulnerability exploitation by putting a
security barrier in a separate process, isolated from the potentially
compromised process. Furthermore, there is also some desire for a
"stealth mode" (see Section 5 below).
Hence, typically a firewall will have rules to block everything by
default. A one-time, privileged, application-install step adds one
or more Allow rules, and then normal (unprivileged) application
execution is then constrained by the resulting rules.
A second reason this category of rules is non-empty is where they are
used as workarounds for cases the application developer found too
onerous to implement. These cases include:
1. Simple policies that the developer would want but that are
difficult to implement. One example might be a policy that an
application should communicate only within the local network
(e.g., a home or enterprise), but not be reachable from the
global Internet or while the device is moved to some public
network such as a hotspot. A second example might be the
reverse, i.e., a policy to communicate over the Internet but not
with local entities. The need for this category would be reduced
by better platform support for such policies, making them easier
for developers to implement and use.
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2. Complex policies where the developer cannot possibly be aware of
specifics. One example might be a policy to communicate only
during, or only outside of, normal business hours, where the
exact hours may vary by location and time of year. Another
example might be a policy to avoid communication over links that
cost too much, where the definition of "too much" may vary by
customer, and indeed, the end host and application might not even
be aware of the costs. The need for this category would be
reduced by better platform support for such policies, allowing
the application to communicate through some simple API with some
other library or service that can deal with the specifics.
3.1. Discussion of Approaches
When running an application would result in unwanted behavior,
customers have three choices, which we will discuss in turn:
a. fix (or get the developer to fix) the software,
b. not use the software, or
c. let the software run, but then use a firewall to thwart it and
prevent it from working in unwanted ways.
3.1.1. Fix the Software
Firewall vendors point out that one can more quickly and reliably
update firewall rules than application software. Indeed, some
applications might have no way to update them, and support for other
applications might no longer be available (e.g., if the developers
are no longer around). Most modern operating systems (and any
applications that come with them) have automatic updates, as do some
independent applications. But until all applications have automatic
updates, and automatic updates are actually used, it will still be
the case that firewall rules can be updated more quickly than
software patches. Furthermore, in some contexts (e.g., within some
enterprises), a possibly lengthy retesting and recertification
process must be employed before applications can be updated.
In short, mechanisms to encourage and ease the use of secure
automatic software updates are important and would greatly reduce
overall complexity. Such mechanisms should allow scheduling updates
at appropriate times, taking into account operational considerations
such as dependencies, compatibility, testing and maintenance windows.
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3.1.2. Don't Use the Software
A key question to ask is whether the application could still do
something useful when firewalled. If the answer is yes, then not
using the software is probably unrealistic. For example, a game with
both single-player and multi-player capabilities could still be
useful in single-player mode when firewalled. If instead the answer
is no, it is better to not allow the application to run in the first
place, and some host firewalls can indeed block applications from
running.
3.1.3. Run the Software behind a Host Firewall
As noted earlier, one disadvantage of this approach is that resources
still get consumed. For example, the application can still consume
memory, CPU, bandwidth (up to the point of blockage), ports in the
transport layer protocol, and possibly other resources depending on
the application, for operations that provide no benefit while
firewalled.
A second important disadvantage of this approach is the bad user
experience. Typically the application and the end-user won't know
why the application doesn't work. A poorly designed application
might not cope well and consume even more resources (e.g., retrying
an operation that continually fails).
A third disadvantage is that it is common for a firewall rule to
block more that is appropriate for attack surface reduction,
impacting protocol operation and even having adverse effects on other
endpoints. For example, some firewalls that cannot perform full deep
packet inspection at line speed have adopted a block by default
approach to anything they don't understand from the first few bytes;
this is very harmful to innovation as it interferes with the ability
to deploy new protocols and features.
As another example, blocking ICMP adversely affects path MTU
discovery which can cause problems for other entities (see [RFC4890]
and Section 3.1.1 of [RFC2979] for further discussion). This can
happen due to lack of understanding all the details of application
behavior, or due to accidental misconfiguration. Section 2.1 of
[RFC5505] states, "Anything that can be configured can be
misconfigured," and discusses this in more detail.
In short, it is important to make applications more aware of the
constraints of their environment, and hence better able to behave
well when constrained.
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4. Category 2: Security Policy
As noted in Section 2, this category of firewall rule typically
attempts to prevent an application from doing things an administrator
does not want them to do, even if the application developer did.
One might ask whether this category of rules is typically empty, and
the answer varies somewhat. For enterprise-scenario firewalls, it is
almost never empty, and hence the problems discussed in Section 3.1.3
can be common here too. Similarly, for consumer-scenario firewalls,
it is generally not empty but there are some notable exceptions. For
example, for the host firewall in some operation systems, this
category always starts empty and most users never change this.
4.1. Discussion of Approaches
Security policy can be implemented in any of three places, which we
will discuss in turn: the application, a firewall, or a library/
service that the application explicitly uses.
4.1.1. Security Policies in Applications
In this option, each application must implement support for
potentially complex security policies, along with ways for
administrators to configure them. Although the explicit interaction
with applications avoids the problems discussed in Section 3.1.3,
this approach is impractical for a number of reasons. First, the
complexity makes it difficult to implement and is error-prone,
especially for application developers whose primary expertise is not
networking. Second, the potentially large number of applications
(and application developers) results in an inconsistent experience
that makes it difficult for an administrator to manage common
policies across applications, thus driving up training and
operational costs.
4.1.2. Security Policies in Host Firewalls
Putting security policies in firewalls without explicit interaction
with the applications results in the problems discussed in
Section 3.1.3. In addition, this leads to "arms races" where the
applications are incented to evolve to get around the security
policies, since the desires of the end user or developer can conflict
with the desires of an administrator. As stated in Section 2.1 of
[RFC4924]:
In practice, filtering intended to block or restrict application
usage is difficult to successfully implement without customer
consent, since over time developers will tend to re-engineer
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filtered protocols so as to avoid the filters. Thus, over time,
filtering is likely to result in interoperability issues or
unnecessary complexity. These costs come without the benefit of
effective filtering since many application protocols began to use
HTTP as a transport protocol after application developers observed
that firewalls allow HTTP traffic while dropping packets for
unknown protocols.
Such arms races stem from inherent tussles between the desires of
different entities. For example, the tussle between end-user desires
and administrator desires leads to an arms race between firewalls and
deep packet inspection on the one hand, vs. the use of obfuscation or
tunnels on the other.
Although such arms races are often thought of in the context of
network firewalls, they also occur with host firewalls. It is,
however, generally easier for a host firewall to overcome, since it
may be more practical for a host firewall to establish some form of
trust between the policy-desiring entities, and have a trusted
arbiter.
4.1.3. Security Policies in a Service
In this approach, applications use a library or other external
service whereby the applications have explicit knowledge of the
impact of the security policies in order to avoid the problems in
Section 3.1.3, and in a sandboxed environment, this might be the
application's only way to interact with the network.
Thus, in this opt-in approach, applications provide a description of
the network access requested, and the library/service can ensure that
applications and/or users are informed in a way they can understand
and that administrators can craft policy that affects the
applications.
This approach is very difficult to do in a firewall-vendor-specific
library/service when there can be multiple firewall implementations
(including ones in the middle of the network), since it is usually
impractical for an application developer to know about and develop
for many different firewall APIs. It is, however, possible to employ
this approach with a firewall-vendor-agnostic library/service that
can communicate with both applications and firewalls. Thus,
application developers and firewall developers can use a common
platform.
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We observe that this approach is very different from the classic
firewall approach. It is, however the approach used by some host
operating system firewalls, and it is also the approach used by PCP
in the IETF. As such, we encourage the deployment and use of this
model.
Furthermore, while this approach lessens the incentive for arms races
as discussed above, one important issue still remains. Namely, there
is no standard mechanism today for a library/service to learn complex
policies from the network. Further work in this area is needed.
5. Stealth Mode
There is often a desire to hide from address and port scans on a
public network. However, compliance to many RFCs requires responding
to various messages. For example, TCP [RFC0793] compliance requires
sending a RST in response to a SYN when there is no listener, and
ICMPv6 [RFC4443] compliance requires sending an Echo Reply in
response to an Echo Request.
Firewall rules can allow such stealth without changing the statement
of compliance of the basic protocols. However, stealth mode could
instead be implemented as a configurable option used by the
applications themselves. For example, rather than a firewall rule to
drop a certain outbound message after an application generates it,
fewer resources would be consumed if the application knew not to
generate it in the first place.
6. Security Considerations
There is a common misconception that firewalls protect users from
malware on their computer, when in fact firewalls protect users from
buggy software. There is some concern that firewalls give users a
false sense of security; firewalls are not invulnerable and will not
prevent malware from running if the user allows it.
This document has focused primarily on host firewalls. For
additional discussion (focused more on network firewalls) see
[RFC2979] and [BLOCK-FILTER].
7. Acknowledgements
Stuart Cheshire provided the motivation for this document by asking
the thought-provoking question of why one would want to firewall an
application rather than simply stop running it. The ensuing
discussion, and subsequent IAB tech chat in November 2011, led to
this document. Dan Simon, Stephen Bensley, Gerardo Diaz Cuellar,
Brian Carpenter, and Paul Hoffman also provided helpful suggestions.
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8. IAB Members at the Time of Approval
Bernard Aboba
Jari Arkko
Marc Blanchet
Ross Callon
Alissa Cooper
Joel Halpern
Russ Housley
Eliot Lear
Xing Li
Erik Nordmark
Andrew Sullivan
Dave Thaler
Hannes Tschofenig
9. Informative References
[BLOCK-FILTER]
Barnes, R., Cooper, A., and O. Kolkman, "Technical
Considerations for Internet Service Blocking and
Filtering", Work in Progress, January 2014.
[RFC0793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7, RFC
793, September 1981.
[RFC2979] Freed, N., "Behavior of and Requirements for Internet
Firewalls", RFC 2979, October 2000.
[RFC4443] Conta, A., Deering, S., and M. Gupta, "Internet Control
Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for the Internet Protocol
Version 6 (IPv6) Specification", RFC 4443, March 2006.
[RFC4864] Van de Velde, G., Hain, T., Droms, R., Carpenter, B., and
E. Klein, "Local Network Protection for IPv6", RFC 4864,
May 2007.
[RFC4890] Davies, E. and J. Mohacsi, "Recommendations for Filtering
ICMPv6 Messages in Firewalls", RFC 4890, May 2007.
[RFC4924] Aboba, B. and E. Davies, "Reflections on Internet
Transparency", RFC 4924, July 2007.
[RFC4948] Andersson, L., Davies, E., and L. Zhang, "Report from the
IAB workshop on Unwanted Traffic March 9-10, 2006", RFC
4948, August 2007.
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[RFC4949] Shirey, R., "Internet Security Glossary, Version 2", RFC
4949, August 2007.
[RFC5505] Aboba, B., Thaler, D., Andersson, L., and S. Cheshire,
"Principles of Internet Host Configuration", RFC 5505, May
2009.
[RFC6887] Wing, D., Cheshire, S., Boucadair, M., Penno, R., and P.
Selkirk, "Port Control Protocol (PCP)", RFC 6887, April
2013.
[RFC7045] Carpenter, B. and S. Jiang, "Transmission and Processing
of IPv6 Extension Headers", RFC 7045, December 2013.
[UPNPWANIP]
UPnP Forum, "WANIPConnection:2 Service", September 2010,
<http://upnp.org/specs/gw/
UPnP-gw-WANIPConnection-v2-Service.pdf>.
Author's Address
Dave Thaler
Microsoft Corporation
One Microsoft Way
Redmond, WA 98052
USA
Phone: +1 425 703 8835
EMail: dthaler@microsoft.com
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